Herein, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using microwave-assisted method in the presence of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L, fruits extract. The structure, size, morphology and optical properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, UV-vis DRS and TGA analysis. A decrease in crystallite size was observed for the biologically synthesized ZnO compared to the chemically synthesized sample. Furthermore, the existence of organic moieties over the biologically synthesized ZnO NPs was approved using characterizing methods. Then, the alloxan-induced diabetic rats were divided into not treated (diabetic control group), and the groups received: insulin, chemically synthesized ZnO, plant extract, biologically synthesized ZnO with a normal healthy control group. After treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBS), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and insulin were measured. Analysis showed a significant decrease in FBS and increase in HDL levels in all groups under treatment. However, the results for cholesterol reduction were only significant for the group treated by biologically synthesized ZnO. Despite the changes in the triglyceride and insulin levels, the results were not significant. For all the studied parameters, bio-mediated ZnO NPs were found the most effective in treating the alloxan-diabetic rats compared to the other studied treatment agents.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.
Improved experimental systems are needed to advance our understanding of how the gut microbiome influences processes of the mammalian host as well as microbial community structure and function. An approach that is receiving considerable attention is the use of animal models that harbor a stable microbiota of known composition, i.e., defined microbiota, which enables control over an otherwise highly complex and variable feature of mammalian biology.
Background and Aim:The vast applications of nanotechnology in various fields including medicine, brings about the necessity to investigate the in vivo side effects of these materials. On this basis, we investigated the potential anti-diabetic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) along with toxicological effects on liver and pancreas tissue. Materials and Methods:In this excremental research after preparation of ZnO nanoparticles and their characterization with SEM, EDX and TEM, 30 rats were studied in 6 groups of 5 each. The groups included 1-Healthy control 2-Diabetic control 3-Diabetic -Insulin (10 U/kg) 4-Diabetic -Cranberry (150 mg/kg) 5-Diabetic-ZnO (8 mg/kg) 6-Diabetic-ZnO + extract (8 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced with alloxan monohydrate via intraperitoneal injection (170 mg / kg). Rats were treated intraperitoneal for 16 days and every four days examined for blood glucose levels, at the end of the treatment period, the liver and pancreatic tissues were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in SPSS. Results:The analysis of nanoparticles revealed the capping of organic constituents on the surface of the biological nanoparticles. The assessment of serum samples displayed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in the group that was treated by NPs prepared by extract when compared to that of the diabetic control group (p≤0/05). Histopathological analysis did not show any damages to the studied organs. Conclusion:The results obtained in the present study revealed that the bio-synthesized nanoparticles not only significantly decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic rats but also had no toxic effects on the liver and pancreas tissues at the concentrations used in this study.
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