Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die sogenannten Roun Ausrichtungen am Beispiel der Städte Yazd und Esfahan in der heißtrockenen des Iran. Die Städte in dieser Region weisen eine geschlossene Bauweise geprägt von Innenhöfen auf. Dabei sind die Orientierungen der Innenhöfe in Yazd in Nordost‐Südwest‐Richtung und in Esfahan Nordwest‐Südost‐Richtung (sog. Roun‐Ausrichtung). Beide Ausrichtungen zeigen eine Winkelabweichung zur Nord‐Süd‐Achse von 30°. Dabei entstehen jeweils zwei südlich und zwei nördlich ausgerichtete Hofseiten. Die Untersuchung wird anhand der täglichen und jahreszeitlichen Sonneneinstrahlung auf die vertikalen Flächen und der jahreszeitlichen Hauptwindrichtungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die nördlichen bzw. südlichen Seiten der Innenhöfe jeweils zur Nutzung im Winterhalbjahr bzw. im Sommerhalbjahr eignen. Die Fallbeispiele in Yazd und Esfahan zeigen, dass die Roun‐Ausrichtungen in historischen Stadtgebieten vorhanden sind. Außerdem bestätigen sie die jahreszeitlich abhängige Nutzung der Räumlichkeiten um den Innenhof. Die halboffenen Räume, wie der Iwan, und die Windtürme (Ba‐dgir) werden an den südlichen Seiten des Innenhofes errichtet.Building orientation in the traditional architecture of the hot‐dry region of Iran the example of the cities Yazd and Esfahan. This study investigates the so called roun orientations on the example of two cities in the hot‐dry region of Iran, Yazd and Esfahan. Urban design in the hot‐dry region of Iran is characterized by attached buildings with internal courtyards which are separated from external public environment. The roun orientations of the internal courtyards are at 30° angle from the North‐South axis in Yazd and Esfahan clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively. These orientations provide two southern and two northern sides in an internal courtyard. The analysis is based on the annual amount of solar radiation on the courtyard walls and the seasonal wind directions which strikes them. The results demonstrate advantages of each north‐facing and south‐facing side in a roun orientation for summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore the case studies in Yazd and Esfahan illustrate the existence of roun orientations in historic districts. In addition the position of indoor semi‐open spaces such as iwan as well as wind catchers mainly on the southern sides of the case studies’ courtyards proves the advantages of these sides to be used in summer.
Die traditionellen Stadtgebiete der ariden Regionen sind von Innenhöfen geprägt. Sie vermitteln den Eindruck, aus introvertierten Einheiten gebaut zu sein. Das Wohnen in Hofhäusern steht jedoch in enger Verbindung mit dem Außenbereich. Trotz der klimatischen Belastungen gehören offene und halboffene Räume zu den Hauptwohnräumen, wobei die Innenhöfe den Außenbereich dafür bilden. Einer der am weitesten verbreiteten halboffenen Räume der traditionellen Architektur ist der Iwan (īwān). Der folgende Artikel befasst sich mit der Frage, wie der Iwan als klimaeffizienter Wohnraum funktioniert hat. Dafür wurden an 30 Fallbeispielen aus vier Städten der ariden Region im Iran Kriterien zur Steigerung der thermischen Behaglichkeit im Iwan untersucht, die jeweilige Position des Iwan im Grundriss analysiert und der Zusammenhang zwischen Windtürmen, Wasserbecken und Hauptwindrichtungen in den warmen Jahreszeiten und deren Einwirkung auf die Raumtemperatur im Iwan studiert. Climate comfort in traditional residential buildings – Living in semi‐open spaces in arid regions. The traditional urban areas in the arid regions are characterized by courtyard houses. This creates the impression of being built of introvert units with less connection to the outdoors. However, life within the courtyard houses is to a large extent combined with open spaces. Open and semi‐open spaces belongs to main living spaces despite the restrictive climate conditions in the arid region, while internal courtyards create the main outdoor. One of the widespread semi‐open spaces in the traditional architecture of the arid regions is Iwan (īwān). This paper studies how the Iwan has worked as a climate efficient space in the arid region. It explores the factors enhancing the thermal comfort in Iwan, the position of Iwan in the floor plan, and the impact of the interaction between wind catchers, water ponds and prevailing winds in warm seasons to reduce the air temperature in Iwan. The analysis is based on 30 case studies from four different cities in the arid region of Iran.
Window design affects the building's appearance. Besides, it has a significant impact on daylight performance and the visual comfort of interior spaces. Therefore, choosing the shape and position of windows can be a challenge for architects. This research aims to investigate the impact of window design on dynamic daylight performance to enhance visual comfort. The research examines five common window shapes that are located in two different positions on the southern-facing side. The most common dynamic daylight metrics of LEED v4.1 were used to investigate the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). Furthermore, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) was considered a complementary approach to assess useful daylight levels. The metrics are examined in three cities including Mashhad, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas, which are located in the northeast, center, and south of Iran, respectively. Thirty simulations in each city are conducted by Grasshopper Graphical editor as a parametric interface and its plugins, ladybug, and honeybee for dynamic daylight analysis. The results emphasize that window design has a significant impact on dynamic daylight performance. The square window meets the LEED needs in three cities by achieving maximum sDA and minimum ASE by up to 68.8% and 20% in both positions, respectively. Moreover, the centrally positioned square window presents the lowest ASE level of 14.4% among other cases. However, the windows in a higher position, especially horizontal windows obtain the highest values of sDA, UDI, and ASE by up to 77%, 59%, and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the ASE rates deteriorate by increasing the sill height and head height of windows. This paper can provide window design recommendations based on the comparison of dynamic daylight metrics for five common window shapes.
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