Purpose: This study's purpose is twofold: first, to examine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector and second, to suggest some recovery strategies to reduce the negative effects of this pandemic so that the travel and tourism sector of Bangladesh can bounce back. Methods: This study is qualitative in nature, applying secondary data analysis technique to collect data from various sources, which includes academic journals, news articles, and websites of different professional bodies like the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Travel Owners Association of Bangladesh (TOAB), etc. Results: The findings indicate that Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector has been impacted considerably by the pandemic due to travel restrictions, movement control order, apprehension of Covid-19 contamination, etc. Some recovery strategies are also suggested to minimize the pandemic's detrimental consequences. Implications: This research provides guidelines for tourism marketers, which will help them to revise their strategies so that they will be able to remove anxiety from travelers’ minds and influence their visit intention. Originality: Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on the travel and tourism sector have been an emergent research area since travel and tourism is one of the severely affected sectors during the pandemic. However, so far insufficient studies related to this area in the context of Bangladesh are available. Hence, this research is an attempt to bridge this gap in the literature.
Single chain antibodies are used as powerful tool to detect interacting antigen proteins because of their small size, better solubility, strong binding affinity and stability. These small antibodies have access to nonimmunogenic antigenic sites, 1 which otherwise remain buried in the scaffold. In laboratories, single chain antibodies are produced by recombinant antibody technology in which the variable heavy chain (vH) and variable light chains (vL) specific genes are amplified and cloned in a phagemid vector. The nanobodies are expressed on the surface of the phage as fusion proteins and are able to interact with antigen present in its vicinity. The first naturally occurring single chain antibodies were discovered in camel (Camelus dromedarius) and classified as "camelid". 2 These nanobodies naturally lacked the light chains. The heavy chain of the nanobodies contains the antigen binding sites that is referred as vHH (to distinguish it from vH). 3 Until recently, vH antibodies were considered to be the smallest intact antigen-binding fragment (∼15 kilo daltons). 3 Cloning of vHH region from an immunized Llama (Lama glama) in a phagemid vector facilitated the construction of the antibody library and biopanning (screening). The development and screening of these antibodies are used to isolate specific antigen binding clones, which belong to various enzymes including lysozyme, amylase, carbonic anhydrase and lactamase. 4
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