Innovations in water technology are needed to solve challenges of climate change, resource shortages, emerging contaminants, urbanization, sustainable development and demographic changes. In particular, conventional techniques of wastewater treatment are limited by the presence of poorly biodegradable organic matter. Alternatively, recent Fenton, Fenton-like and hybrid processes appear successful for cleaning of different types of liquid wastewaters. Here, we review the application of metallic catalyst-H2O2 systems in the heterogeneous Fenton process. Each metallic catalyst-H2O2 system has unique redox properties due to metal oxidation state. Solution pH is a major influencing factor. Catalysts made of iron and cerium form stable complexes with oxidation products and H2O2, thus resulting in reduced activities. Copper forms transitory complexes with oxidation products, but copper catalytic activity is restored during the reaction. Silver and manganese do not form complexes. The catalyst performance for degradation and mineralization decreases in the order: manganese, copper, iron, silver, cerium, yet the easiness of practical application decreases in the order: copper, manganese, iron, silver, cerium.

The present study investigated the (i) socio-demographic predictors of psychological distress, (ii) sociodemographic predictors of satisfaction from online classes, and (iii) the relationship between psychological distress and satisfaction from online classes among university students of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online questionnaire-based survey was conducted. A total of 2220 respondents that was enrolled at the University of the Punjab (PU), University of Management and Technology (UMT), and the University of Central Punjab (UCP) were involved in the current study. Data were collected at a 64% response rate and analyzed with SPSS IBM Version 21.0. Results revealed that approximately 41% of the students were facing severe psychological distress while about 65% were found unsatisfied with online classes. Besides, a linear negative relationship between the independent variable, i.e. psychological distress and the dependent variable, i.e. satisfaction from online classes was found. Therefore, to minimize the level of psychological distress and increase students' satisfaction with online classes it is highly recommended to take precautionary measures by the relevant stakeholders.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the customer satisfaction of banking industry in Pakistan general, and Faisalabad particular, based on various levels of customer perception regarding service quality. This is an empirical study based mainly on primary data collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire has been personally administrated on the a sample size of 132, chosen respondents on a convenient basis from four Pakistani banks, i.e. Alfalah Bank Limited, Faysal Bank Limited, National Bank Limited, and The Bank of Punjab. This paper makes a useful contribution as there are only few studies dealing with the assessment of service quality in conventional banking sector of Pakistan .The result indicates that customer perceive highest satisfaction in the responsiveness area and lowest in the tangibles area. In order to achieve higher levels of service quality, the bank managers should redesign their strategies about customer satisfaction with respect to service quality.

Turbidity is a characteristic impurity of groundwater in Pakistan. Turbid water is not suitable for drinking purposes. The main objective of this study is to reduce water turbidity using natural coagulant, extracted from pine cones. The coagulation activity of coagulant is tested using synthetic turbid water. Coagulant activity is affected by various factors such as coagulant dose, water turbidity, pH, extract density and settling time. The optimum coagulant dose and water turbidities are fixed; 0.5 ml/L, 67, and 75 NTU, respectively. The highest coagulation activities are observed at pH values 2 and 12. Further, coagulation activity of pine cone extract is maximized to 82% when its density is 1.8 g/cm 3 . Moreover, most of the coagulation activity takes place in the first hour. The results recommend the potential use of pine cone extract for turbid water purification.

Environmental accounting provides a framework through measure present, past and future environment cost for decision-making and public communication. Environment awareness has made people concerned over the world in green accounting to observed ecological performance of their surroundings. The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between environmental accounting and non-financial firm's performance listed in Pakistan stock exchange, Pakistan. Present study used regression analysis technique (REM), using companies' annual data from 2006-2016. The empirical analysis showed a significant positive relationship between environmental accounting and firm's size. While, earning per share and return on capital employed statistically turned out to be insignificant. Therefore, those companies, which have huge size, spend more resources for social welfare in term of environment pollution protection. On the Contrary, the limitation of this research is small sample size of listed companies in Pakistan stock exchange. Hence, outcomes cannot be generalized for entire population. Based on the results, it is suggested that government must give some tax relief to those firms, which work for the environment protection and environmental reporting should be compulsory in Pakistan to have clean homeland. This study has contributed to literature by adding data from Pakistan. By the researcher's best knowledge, the data on Pakistan is currently limited and this study contributes a better understanding on environmental reporting practices.

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Landfill leachates are a mixture of high concentration organic and inorganic contaminants and need to be appropriately treated due to their toxicity and severe adverse effects on the environment. Here, we studied the treatment of landfill leachate through a heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process using a zirconia supported copper catalyst (Cu/ZrO2). Reaction conditions such as pH, amount of catalyst, oxidant dose, temperature, and reaction time were investigated and their effects on pollutant abatement discussed. AOS (average oxidation state) and COS (carbon oxidation state) parameters were used for the evaluation of the degree of oxidation of the process, obtaining some insight into the formation of oxidized intermediates (partial oxidation) and the total oxidation (mineralization) of the leachate during the reaction. A two-step oxidation process enhanced the overall performance of the reaction with an abatement of organic compounds of 92% confirming the promising activity of a copper-based catalyst for the treatment of liquid waste. Higher catalytic activity was achieved when the following reaction conditions were applied: 70 °C, pH 5, 200 mg/L of catalyst, 30 mL/L of H2O2 dose, and 150 min. In addition, durability of the catalyst under optimized reaction conditions was verified by repeated reaction cycles.