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Quality of cookies is profoundly influenced by the physicochemical and rheological properties of wheat grains. Therefore, it is pivotal to explore right choice of wheat cultivar. Current study was designed to gauge the relationship between wheat grain physiognomies and flour rheological behaviour with cookie characteristics. The outcomes depicted that selected wheat varieties varied significantly (p < 0.01) in various parameters like thousand kernel weight, test weight, pearling value, Pelshenke and zeleny value. In correlation, particle size index correlated negatively (r = −0.67) with protein content and positively with water absorption. Spread factor of cookies was influenced by particle size index (r = −0.63), Pelshenke (r = −0.62), water absorption (r = −0.60), and mixographic peak height (r = 0.85). Principal component analysis illustrated that thousand kernel weight, grain length, and width were major components in determining the water absorption of wheat flour. However, spread factor of cookies was partly depicted from Pelshenke value and partly from particle size index.

Both physical barriers and reactive phytochemicals represent two important components of a plant’s defence system against environmental stress. However, these two defence systems have generally been studied independently. Here, we have taken an exclusive opportunity to investigate the connection between a chemical-based plant defence system, represented by the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, and a physical barrier, represented by the cuticle, using Arabidopsis myrosinase (thioglucosidase; TGG) mutants. The tgg1, single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants showed morphological changes compared to wild-type plants visible as changes in pavement cells, stomatal cells and the ultrastructure of the cuticle. Extensive metabolite analyses of leaves from tgg mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis plants showed altered levels of cuticular fatty acids, fatty acid phytyl esters, glucosinolates, and indole compounds in tgg single and double mutants as compared to wild-type plants. These results point to a close and novel association between chemical defence systems and physical defence barriers.

The cell wall (CW) as a first line of defense against biotic and abiotic stresses is of primary importance in plant biology. The proteins associated with cell walls play a significant role in determining a plant's sustainability to adverse environmental conditions. In this work, the genes encoding cell wall proteins (CWPs) in Arabidopsis were identified and functionally classified using geneMANIA and GENEVESTIGATOR with published microarrays data. This yielded 1605 genes, out of which 58 genes encoded proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and glycine-rich proteins (GRPs). Here, we have focused on the cellular compartmentalization, biological processes, and molecular functioning of proline-rich CWPs along with their expression at different plant developmental stages. The mined genes were categorized into five classes on the basis of the type of PRPs encoded in the cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. We review the domain structure and function of each class of protein, many with respect to the developmental stages of the plant. We have then used networks, hierarchical clustering and correlations to analyze co-expression, co-localization, genetic, and physical interactions and shared protein domains of these PRPs. This has given us further insight into these functionally important CWPs and identified a number of potentially new cell-wall related proteins in A. thaliana.

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