BackgroundPrognostication plays a pivotal role in critical care medicine. Its importance is indisputable in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as the presentation of this disease may vary from docile, self-limiting symptoms to lethal conditions. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, much emphasis was initially placed on molecular and serological testing. However, it was realized later that routine laboratory tests also provide key information in terms of the severity of the disease and thus could be used to predict the outcome of these patients.
Introduction: Carcinoma of uterine cervix is the third most common cancer among women worldwide and it contributes significantly to cancer related morbidity and mortality. The incidence of cervical carcinoma is incredibly high in developing countries (almost 80%) due to lack of proper knowledge. The extensive use of cervical screening with Pap smears has considerably increased the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions of uterine cervix. Aims: To evaluate cyto-histo correlation of precancerous and cancerous lesions of uterine cervix and to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear in diagnosing invasive malignancy. Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the . All the cases reported in Pap smear as cervical intraepithelial lesions and invasive malignancies were retrieved. We also retrieved the same cases, if they had undegone cervical biopsy for correlation. Result: During the study period total 303 cases which were positive for intraepithelial lesions and malignancies were retrieved. Out of these 303 cases we excluded 23 cases because in these cases cervical biopsy had not been done. So in the final analysis 280 cases were included. Of the 280 Pap smears, maximum cases (33.92%) were reported as low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), followed by high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (24.28%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (19.64%), atypical squamous cellscannot rule out HSIL (ASC-H) (10%). We had 23 cases of invasive malignancy which includes 21 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 2 cases of adenocarcinoma. There were 11 cases of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). We found that total numbers of concordant cases were 68.57% (192/280) and discordant cases were 31.43% (88/280). We also found that sensitivity and specificity of cervical smear in diagnosing invasive malignancy were 61.76% and 99.1% respectively considering cervical biopsy as gold standard. Conclusion:The study revealed a good correlation between cervical cytology and cervical biopsy. We also concluded that conventional Pap smear is cost effective test for the early detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions.
Background: Spleen size vary widely according to age, sex and region. Many diseases can affect their size, ranging from infective processes to malignant disorders. Present study is done to establish the normal range of spleen size in adults of Northwest Ethiopia to assess splenomegaly in all disease conditions affecting the spleen and to correlate the dimensions of spleen with the height. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study design was performed at the University of Gondar, hospital. The sonographic measurements of spleen length, width, thickness and volume were performed on 380 subjects. In addition, height of the subjects were measured using standard anthropometric technique. Age and sex were also recorded. By Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients, the relation of spleen dimensions to height was evaluated. Results: Pearson`s correlation finding indicated a moderate positive significant correlation (P<0.0001) between the splenic length, width, volume and body height of all the subjects (r: >0.3). No statistically significant correlation with splenic dimensions in males (r=0.107, 0.039, 0.060, and 0.091 for spleen length, width, thickness, and volume, respectively) was found. Height of female study subjects had a statistically significant positive correlation with spleen length (r=0.203, P<0.01), width (r=0.175, P<0.05), thickness (r=0.292, P<0.001), and volume (r=0.261, P<0.001). Conclusion: The dimensions of the spleen (Length, width, thickness and volume) are found to have statistically significant positive correlation coefficient with the height of the female population.
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