In the first section, we introduce the notions of fractional and invertible ideals of semirings and characterize invertible ideals of a semidomain. In section two, we define Prüfer semirings and characterize them in terms of valuation semirings. In this section, we also characterize Prüfer semirings in terms of some identities over its ideals such as (I + J)(I ∩ J) = IJ for all ideals I, J of S. In the third section, we give a semiring version for the Gilmer-Tsang Theorem, which states that for a suitable family of semirings, the concepts of Prüfer and Gaussian semirings are equivalent. At last, we end this paper by giving a plenty of examples for proper Gaussian and Prüfer semirings.
For a commutative ring R with identity, the ideal-based zero-divisor graph, denoted by ?I (R), is the graph whose vertices are {x ? R\I|xy ? I for some y ? R\I}, and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy?I. In this paper, we investigate an annihilator ideal-based zero-divisor graph, denoted by ?Ann(M)(R), by replacing the ideal I with the annihilator ideal Ann(M) for an R-module M. We also study the relationship between the diameter of ?Ann(M) (R) and the minimal prime ideals of Ann(M). In addition, we determine when ?Ann(M)(R) is complete. In particular, we prove that for a reduced R-module M, ?Ann(M) (R) is a complete graph if and only if R ? Z2?Z2 and M ? M1?M2 for M1 and M2 nonzero Z2-modules.
In this paper, we present methods for solving a system of linear equations, AX = b, over tropical semirings. To this end, if possible, we first reduce the order of the system through some row-column analysis, and obtain a new system with fewer equations and variables. We then use the pseudo-inverse of the system matrix to solve the system if solutions exist. Moreover, we propose a new version of Cramer's rule to determine the maximal solution of the system. Maple procedures for computing the pseudo-inverse are included as well.
In this paper, we introduce and analyze a new LU -factorization technique for square matrices over idempotent semifields. In particular, more emphasis is put on "max-plus" algebra here, but the work is extended to other idempotent semifields as well. We first determine the conditions under which a square matrix has LU factors. Next, using this technique, we propose a method for solving square linear systems of equations whose system matrices are LU -factorizable. We also give conditions for an LU -factorizable system to have solutions. This work is an extension of similar techniques over fields. Maple procedures for this LU -factorization are also included.
Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M be a unitary R-module. A torsion graph of M, denoted by Γ(M), is a graph whose vertices are the non-zero torsion elements of M, and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if [x : M][y : M]M = 0. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the diameters of Γ(M) and Γ(R), and give some properties of minimal prime submodules of a multiplication R-module M over a von Neumann regular ring. In particular, we show that for a multiplication R-module M over a Bézout ring R the diameter of Γ(M) and Γ(R) is equal, where M T(M). Also, we prove that, for a faithful multiplication R-module M with |M| 4, Γ(M) is a complete graph if and only if Γ(R) is a complete graph.
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