The emergence of newer pharmacotherapeutic agents and surgical cartilage resurfacing techniques is driving the need for imaging modalities capable of early, accurate, and reproducible lesion detection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a noninvasive tool for direct 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) assessment of the articular cartilage in both clinical and research settings. MRI has largely overcome the shortcomings of the current gold standard, radiography, by allowing for the detection of preclinical disease and subtle early abnormalities prior to the onset of radiographic disease, when damage is still reversible. Current MRI techniques are either morphological (2D/3D qualitative and quantitative techniques) or compositional (matrix-assessment techniques that detect macromolecular changes prior to morphological changes). MRI is evolving as a complete answer to our cartilage-imaging requirements of lesion description, treatment planning, and outcome measurement as well as in various research settings.
Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, lesion characterization and diagnostic evaluation. Ductal carcinoma in situ accounts for 15%-20% of breast carcinomas detected in screened populations. Ductal carcinoma in situ has a variable appearance on mammography. The use of mammography has become as a very helpful tool for the early detection of larger number of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and, thus, offering timely surgery and the need for the appropriate radiation treatment to patients. This study was undertaken as a hospital-based retrospective study to evaluate the varied spectrum of mammographic findings in 57 women with histopathological diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ. The spectrum of mammographic findings of ductal carcinoma in situ was found to vary widely. A thorough and vigilant inspection of a mammogram is necessary for all the patients to avoid the possibility of missing early diagnosis of this entity, since the findings are very subtle. Most cases show microcalcifications on mammograms and their early detection can help in early diagnosis, thereby offering conservative surgical approach to a patient. Microcalcifications can be present isolated or in association with a mass. These are mostly clustered in distribution followed by regional, segmental and ductal pattern of distribution. The morphology of microcalcifications is mostly amorphous, followed by pleiomorphic and fine heterogenous types. Hence, the mammogram must be interpreted with strict vigilance and proper attention to all aspects for early and correct diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ to help in proper guidance of its treatment.
There is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in cases of chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm, as the symptoms can be more subtle including dull back pain, and thus lacking the typical features of rupture.
The objective of this research was to introduce a case report emphasizing the need to relate the low back pain with atypical radiological appearances of entities, as aortic abdominal aneurysms, capable to compromise the patients’ clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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