Due to increasing demand on earth sources in all areas, some materials have come under pressure for effective recovery and reuse. In this sense, the management of waste materials has become an important need for effective utilizations. In this regard, the waste management behaviour of individuals towards zero waste was studied using a scale and included pre-testing and administering a survey, and reducing the number of items with the determination of factors. The scale was evaluated using all necessary statistical measures. The IBM SPSS and IBM SPPS AMOS were utilized for confirmatory and expository factor analyses, respectively. It was found that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient determined the reliability level of the improved scale, at 0.909, while the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin coefficient was determined as 0.887. The Bartlett’s sphericity test result was found to be p < 0.000. The test results clearly indicated that the sample size was adequate for the measurement of the construct and a patterned relationship among the items was detected. However, the reliability and validity of the developed scaled were confirmed by the goodness of fit indices used. It is important to note that education, profession, level of income, and place of residence significantly influenced the participants’ zero waste management behaviour, but the gender and age of the participants were not influential factors. By having these experimental results, it is suitable to suggest that a model consisting of three factors (knowledge, facilities, and motivation) was capable of measuring the waste management behaviour of people towards zero waste in Turkey.
Aims: The aim of the study was to use Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to find optimal experimental design for wastewater treatments from office paper recycling. In this way, interactive effects of treatment factors were evaluated, including microwave power (MW) and durations with centrifuge time while turbidity of wastewater was chosen as the dependent output variable or an optimal response. Methodology: The RSM approach was utilized for optimization of the process parameters and identifying the optimal conditions for the removal of turbidity in paper recycling wastewater. In this regard, a three-factor RSM were selected, using MW irradiation power (Watts), durations (seconds) and centrifuge time (min). Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to identify the adequacy of the developed model. In this case, specially prepared office papers (one-side laser printed) were subjected to standard paper recycling procedure for obtaining wastewater at laboratory conditions. The experimentally derived RSM model was validated using range of statistical parameters. Conclusions: The study revealed that under the RSM optimized conditions, a marked reduction in the turbidity of wastewater was observed for both groups studied. The R2, R2(adj) and R2(pred) values were indicates, the developed model was significant which revealed a well agreement between the experimental data and proposed model. In this approach, the R2=99.710% and lack-of-fit value were found to be 0.111 (p>0.05), which shows the model and the data consisted to each other. The lowest turbidity value was found with 150.000 Watts and 60.000 seconds in MW conditions with 15.000 minutes of centrifugation time, experimentally. With employing these variables, the turbidity value of 6.65 NTU was determined. However, the highest turbidity value of 18.013 NTU was found with MW power of 200.00 Watts with 40.000 seconds of durations and 1.591 minute of centrifugation time. It is important to note that with using optimized parameters, the turbidity value of 1.43 NTU was calculated while 1.47 NTU was found with experimentally.
Bu çalışmada, bir tekstil fabrikasının konfeksiyon, kumaş boyama, baskı ve iplik boyama bölümlerinde 2018 yılı için yıllık üretim faaliyetleri sonucu meydana gelen karbon ayak izi miktarları değerlendirilmiştir. Fabrikada üretim yapılan bölümler arasında karbon ayak izi miktarları karşılaştırıldığında, konfeksiyon bölümü 24,39 kg-CO2e/kg-ürün ile en yüksek değere sahiptir. Konfeksiyon bölümünü takiben kumaş boyama, baskı ve iplik boyama için karbon ayak izi miktarları sırasıyla, 21,57 kg-CO2e/kg-ürün, 20,32 kg-CO2e/kg-ürün ve 19,28 kg-CO2e/kg-ürün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Proseslerde karbon ayak izi oluşumunun başlıca sebepleri doğalgaz, kömür ve motorin kullanımıdır. Doğalgaz, kömür ve motorin kaynaklı toplam karbon ayak izi oranı iplik boyama bölümünde %92 iken, baskı, kumaş boyama ve konfeksiyon bölümleri için bu oranlar sırasıyla %84, %82 ve %73 olarak belirlenmiştir. Karbon ayak izinin azaltılması amacıyla ilk yapılması gereken üretimde fosil yakıtların kullanımından vazgeçmek veya kullanımını azaltmak olmalıdır. Karbon ayak izinin azaltılmasında modern ekipman teknolojisinin tercih edilmesi, enerji tasarrufu, giyim süresi dolan kumaşların tekrar hammadde olarak kullanımı, makinelerin düzenli olarak bakımlarının yapılması, sıcak su tanklarının yalıtımlı hale getirilmesi ve enerji tasarruflu aydınlatma elemanlarının kullanımı büyük oranda katkı sağlayabilir. Karbon ayak izinin azaltılması hem ekonomik kazancın artırılması hem de iklim değişikliğinin azaltılabilmesi için büyük önem taşımaktadır.
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