One of the significant problems in vaccination projects is the lack of an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The goal of the current study is to evaluate and compare two DNA constructs encoding HCV core and coreE1E2 genes alone or complexed with MPG peptide as a delivery system for stimulation of antibody responses and IFN-γ secretion in Balb/c mice model. Indeed, MPG cell penetrating peptide was used to improve DNA immunization in mice. Our results demonstrated that MPG forms stable non-covalent nanoparticles with pcDNA-core and pcDNA-coreE1E2 at an N/P ratio of 10:1. The in vitro transfection efficiency of core or coreE1E2 DNA using MPG and TurboFect delivery systems was confirmed by western blot analysis. The results indicated the expression of the full-length core (∼21 kDa), and coreE1E2 (∼83 kDa) proteins using an anti-His monoclonal antibody. In addition, the expression of HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins was performed in bacteria and the purified recombinant proteins were injected to mice with Montanide 720 adjuvant. Our data showed that the immunized mice with HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins generated the mixture of sera IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes considerably higher than other groups. Furthermore, DNA constructs encoding core and coreE1E2 complexed with MPG could significantly induce IFN-γ secretion in lower concentrations than the naked core and coreE1E2 DNAs. Taken together, the DNA formulations as well as protein regimens used in this study triggered high-level IFN-γ production in mice, an important feature for the development of Th1 immune responses.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, Also, an increase in nosocomial infections, particularly by Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the need to discover new antibacterial agents with a mechanism of action different from killing bacteria were more than ever before. The Ag nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO (NPs) and Ag/ZnO (NPs) were synthesized through the thermal decomposition of the precursor of oxalate. Gram-negative antibiotic resistant bacteria and Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria were prepared from the Central laboratory of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital. All of isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. For determine of antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated, disk diffusion method in accordance with the standard CLSI were used, again. Antibacterial effects of (NPs) against antibiotic resistance bacteria were conducted by MIC and MBC tests. The particles size was less of 50 nm, approximately. Curiously, the silver (NPs) was not exposed the antibacterial properties against all of isolated bacteria. Also, klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). Also, Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria showed high sensitivity to Ag/ZnO (NPs), compared to other bacteria. Interestingly, The MBC for ZnO (NPs) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ≥8192 was observed. The Ag (NPs) had not the ability to inhibit the nosocomial infection. Klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). The Ag/ZnO (NPs) was ability to kill antibiotics resistant bacteria. The antibacterial agents can open a new leaf in our life in the treatment of nosocomial infections.Keywords: Nano-metallic particles, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital IntroductionAntibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem (Roberts et al., 2009). Majority shape of resistance spread with remarkable speed. World health guidance have described antibiotic-resistant microorganisms as "nightmare bacteria" that "pose a catastrophic threat" to people in every country in the world (Roberts et al., 2009). Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to more of the antibiotics designed to treat those infections. Approximately, 23000 people die each year of these antibioticresistant infections. Many more die from other conditions that were intricate by an antibiotic-resistant infection. Antibiotic-resistant infections add avoidable costs to the already overburdened U.S. health care system. In another cases, antibiotic-resistant infections require prolonged treatments, extend hospital stays, necessitate additional doctor visits and result in greater disability and death compared with infections that are easily treatable with antibiotics (Roberts et al., 2009).Nowadays, researchers have suggested the use of nano-metal oxides, specially Silver and Zinc oxide (NPs) as superior disinfectants and antimicrobial agent for nosocomial Infections microorganisms (Bla...

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The purpose of this research study was to assess the use of nanoparticles in combat pathogenic microorganisms and also to investigate the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with antibiotics in eliminating these factors. In this work, the influence of different nanoparticles on microorganisms was evaluated in 89 studies. It was found that nanoparticles can be used against microorganisms, either independently or by their synergistic effect with antibiotics. The study found that metal nanoparticles have a more antimicrobial effect, among metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles exert the most specific among all microorganisms. Meanwhile, metal nanoparticles can be a good alternative to the use of antibiotics and inhibitors of pathogens.