26 Eylül 2019 günü Türkiye yerel saati 13.59’da Silivri açıklarında (Marmara Denizi) Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattı Kumburgaz segmenti üzerinde 6.99 km derinlikte büyüklüğü Mw 5.8 olan deprem meydana gelmiştir. Deprem Tekirdağ ve İstanbul başta olmak üzere Yalova, Kocaeli, Bursa ve Kırklareli illerinde hissedilmiştir. 26 Eylül Silivri depremi, 1999 Kocaeli (Mw 7.6) ve 1999 Düzce (Mw 7.1) depremleri ve artçılarından sonra bölgeyi etkileyen en büyük deprem olması nedeni ile önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Mw 5.8 Silivri deprem yer hareketi kayıtları incelenmiştir. Yer hareketi parametresi Maksimum Yer İvmesi (PGA), 2014 Yeni Nesil Yer Hareketi Tahmin denklemleri (YHTD - Next Generation Attenuation -NGA- Relations) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca yer hareketi parametreleri (MMI, PGA, Sa 0.2 s, Sa 1.0 s) dağılım haritaları oluşturularak, kaydedilmiş yer hareketleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca öncü ve artçı depremler değerlendirilerek orta ölçekli Marmara Denizi depremlerinin karakteristiği ortaya konmuştur. Ortaya çıkan enerji miktarı geçmiş büyük ölçekli depremler ile karşılaştırılmıştır.
Electric power systems have critical importance in the sustainability of social life and economy. The past and recent earthquakes showed clearly that these systems have high vulnerability due to earthquakes. In this study, the typical electric power systems which are commonly preferred and located at five different sites in high seismic zone of Turkey, Marmara region, have been examined. In the first part of the study, the earthquake hazard for Marmara region has been accomplished. The earthquake hazard curves at five different sites for two different earthquake levels, and two different site conditions as soft and stiff site classes according to the Turkish Building Seismic Design Code 2018 have been obtained. The seismic vulnerability assessment of substation and distribution circuits for two different design states, namely anchored and unanchored, achieved by the fragility functions. The probability of power outage durations have been evaluated based on the restoration curves. It has been observed that the results obtained within the scope of the study are highly consistent with post-earthquake studies in the literature. The proposed methodology through the power outage graphics enable a quick preliminary evaluation of the power outage based on the current design status and location for any electric power systems in the Marmara region.
Turkey is between three major tectonic plates, is the most active area of the Mediterranean region in terms of earthquake activity. Relative motions between the African, Arabian and Eurasian plates account for most of the tectonic activity in the region. As a result, the Anatolian plate has a high danger for seismicity. This consists of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and SE Anatolian Thrust Zone which form the borders of the Anatolian Plate and important active fault segments throughout Western Anatolia. All these active faults cause a short time intervals intensive damages in Turkey earthquakes. In order to investigate and to real-time monitor the seismic activity and seismotectonic of Turkey and its vicinity, The Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) of Bogaziçi University and AFAD operates seismic stations countrywide. Observatory has been supplying mainly 3 kind of seismological data: phase readings, waveform and catalogue to the earth scientists in Turkey. Earth science studies have an important contribution to the emergence of earthquake hazard. The evaluation of the data receiving from the seismic stations contributes to the determination of earthquake hazard in detail, and to contribute to the minimization of the risks of the earthquake by developing earthquake catalogues. Also, all of the earthquake parameters after the earthquake, automatically distributed and mapped. After an important earthquake, KOERI and AFAD is quickly sent information from the smartphones to the society and the decision-making institutions carrying out disaster studies.
<p>Marmara region is a tectonically active part of Turkey. Over the history, the Marmara region has been the site of numerous destructive earthquakes such as the 1509 Istanbul earthquake (Mw=7.5), 1766 Istanbul earthquake (Mw=5.63), 1953 Yenice-G&#246;nen Depremi (Ms=7.2), 1999 Kocaeli (Mw=7.4) and D&#252;zce (Mw=7.2) earthquakes. Many Electric power systems located in the Marmara region are exposed to the destructive effects of potential earthquakes. The serviceability and functionality of the electric power systems after a major earthquake are major concerns for people's wealth. Thus, the design of the electric power system requires site-specific seismic hazard assessment. Site-specific hazard analysis provides a uniform hazard spectrum used for the design of power structures. Response spectrums are presented for the seismically resistant design of the structures according to the Turkey Building Earthquake Regulation 2018 (TBDY2018) and Turkish Seismic Code 2007 (TSC2007) regulations.&#160;<br>In this study, seismic hazard assessment of the Marmara region has been studied using the Openquake platform. Earthquake hazard has been investigated using the time-independent probabilistic (Poisson) models. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) is conducted based on SHARE project ESHM13 model characteristics. The SHARE project has presented the 2013 European &#8211;Mediterranean seismic hazard model (ESHM13). ESHM13 &#160;models consist of all events with magnitudes Mw>=4.5 in the computation of seismic hazard and it covers the whole European territory including Turkey. The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment calculations take into account SHARE seismic source characterization. Akkar&Bommer(2010), Cauzzi&Faccioli(2008), Chiou&Youngs(2008), and Zhao et.al (2006) ground motion prediction models have been considered for active shallow crustal tectonic region. The study has developed uniform hazard spectrum and hazard maps of the Marmara Region with peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations (SA)&#8217;s at 0.2s and 1s periods corresponding to 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. Obtained uniform hazard spectrums of electric power systems in the Marmara region have been compared with response spectrums of TBDY2018 and TSC-2007. The compatibility of SHARE model hazard analysis results with TBDY 2018 and TSC2007 has been assessed.</p>
<p>Marmara region located on the western end of the North Anatolian Fault Zone is a tectonically active region in Turkey. There have been frequent severe earthquakes in the region and will continue to occur. There was no serious earthquake in the region after the 1999 Mw7.4 Kocaeli and Mw7.2 D&#252;zce earthquakes. A Marmara Sea offshore earthquake Mw5.8 close to Silivri Town of Istanbul Metropolitan City has occurred on September 26, 2019 daytime at 13:59. The earthquake happened at the coordinate of 40.87N &#8211; 28.19E with a depth of 7.0km on the Kumburgaz segment of the North Anatolian Fault line. It was felt in almost all Marmara region. In some settlements in Istanbul City, slight to moderate damages were observed. A foreshock earthquake of Mw4.8 occurred on the same segment on 24 September, 2019. 150 aftershock events ranging from M1.0 to M4.1 have been recorded within the 24 hours after the mainshock. The ground motions have been recorded in the region by the several institutions including AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency), KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) and IGDAS (Istanbul Gas Distribution Industry and Trade Inc.). The ground motion records and selected parameters have been examined in this study. The ground motion parameters (MMI, PGA, PGV, Sa, Sv, Sd) distribution have been achieved and checked by the recent NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs); ASK2014, CY2014 and BSSA2014. The compatibility of the GMPEs for a moderate size Marmara Sea earthquake has been examined.</p>
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