γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, is challenging to measure using proton spectroscopy due to its relatively low concentration, J-coupling and overlapping signals from other metabolites. Currently, the prevalent methods for detecting GABA at ultrahigh field strengths (≥ 7 T) are GABA-editing and model fitting of non-editing single voxel spectra. These two acquisition approaches have their own advantages: the GABA editing approach directly measures the GABA resonance at 3 ppm, whereas the fitting approach on the non-editing spectrum allows the detection of multiple metabolites, and has an SNR advantage over longer echo time (TE) acquisitions. This study aims to compare these approaches for estimating GABA at 7 T. We use an interleaved sequence of semi-LASER (sLASER: TE = 38 ms) and MEGA-sLASER (TE = 80 ms). This simultaneous interleaved acquisition minimizes the differential effect of extraneous factors, and enables an accurate comparison of the two acquisition methods. Spectra were acquired with an 8 ml isotropic voxel at six different brain regions: anterior-cingulate cortex, dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, occipital cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus. Spectral fitting with LCModel quantified the GABA to total Cr (tCr: Creatine + Phosphocreatine) concentration ratio. After correcting the T2 relaxation time variation, GABA/tCr ratios were similar between the two acquisition approaches. GABA editing showed smaller spectral fitting error according to Cramér–Rao lower bound than the sLASER approach for all regions examined. We conclude that both acquisition methods show similar accuracy but the precision of the MEGA-editing approach is higher for GABA measurement. In addition, the 2.28 ppm GABA resonance was found to be important for estimating GABA concentration without macromolecule contamination in the GABA-edited acquisition, when utilizing spectral fitting with LCModel.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an accelerated episodic memory decline, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Hallmarks of T2D comprise impairment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Insulin signaling modulates cerebral neurotransmitter activity, including the excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems. Here we tested the hypothesis that the glutamate and GABA systems are altered in T2D patients and this relates to memory decline and insulin resistance. Using 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we examined glutamate and GABA concentrations in episodic memory relevant brain regions (medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus) of T2D patients and matched controls. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamps and memory performance was assessed using a face‐profession associations test. T2D patients exhibited peripheral insulin resistance and had a decreased memory for face‐profession associations as well as elevated GABA concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex but not precuneus. In addition, medial prefrontal cortex GABA concentration was negatively associated with memory performance suggesting that abnormal GABA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex are linked to the episodic memory decline that occurs in T2D patients.

The classical model of the declarative memory system describes the hippocampus and its interactions with representational brain areas in posterior neocortex as being essential for the formation of long‐term episodic memories. However, new evidence suggests an extension of this classical model by assigning the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) a specific, yet not fully defined role in episodic memory. In this study, we utilized 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to lend further support for the idea of a mnemonic role of the mPFC in humans. By using MRS, we measured mPFC γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate/glutamine (GLx) concentrations before and after volunteers memorized face–name association. We demonstrate that mPFC GLx but not GABA levels increased during the memory task, which appeared to be related to memory performance. Regarding functional connectivity, we used the subsequent memory paradigm and found that the GLx increase was associated with stronger mPFC connectivity to thalamus and hippocampus for associations subsequently recognized with high confidence as opposed to subsequently recognized with low confidence/forgotten. Taken together, we provide new evidence for an mPFC involvement in episodic memory by showing a memory‐related increase in mPFC excitatory neurotransmitter levels that was associated with better memory and stronger memory‐related functional connectivity in a medial prefrontal–thalamus–hippocampus network.

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B inhomogeneity and chemical shift displacement error (CSDE) increase with the main magnetic field strength and are therefore deleterious for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultrahigh field. A solution is to use adiabatic pulses which operate over a broad range of B and thus are insensitive to B inhomogeneity. Moreover, adiabatic pulses usually have a relatively higher bandwidth, which makes CSDE low to negligible. The use of exclusively adiabatic pulses for single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) typically brings the disadvantage of a long echo time (TE), but the advantage of a low and matched CSDE. Herein, we took advantage of short-duration, low-power, matched-phase adiabatic spin echo (MASE) pulses to implement a matched CSDE semi-localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (sLASER) sequence capable of attaining short TEs, while CSDE is matched and still comparatively low. We also demonstrate here the feasibility of the direct measurement of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resonance at 2.28 ppm well separated from the neighboring glutamate resonance at 7 T using the implemented MASE-sLASER sequence at TEs of 68 and 136 ms. The shorter duration of MASE pulses also made it possible to implement a Mescher-Garwood-semi-localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (MEGA-sLASER) (with MASE) sequence with TE = 68 ms for editing GABA at 7 T, the results for which are also shown.