Owing to the current challenges in energy and environmental crises, improving buildings, as one of the biggest concerns and contributors to these issues, is increasingly receiving attention from the world. Due to a variety of choices and situations for improving buildings, it is important to review the building performance optimization studies to find the proper solution. In this paper, these studies are reviewed by analyzing all the different key parameters involved in the optimization process, including the considered decision variables, objective functions, constraints, and case studies, along with the software programs and optimization algorithms employed. As the core literature, 44 investigations recently published are considered and compared. The current investigation provides sufficient information for all the experts in the building sector, such as architects and mechanical engineers. It is noticed that EnergyPlus and MATLAB have been employed more than other software for building simulation and optimization, respectively. In addition, among the nine different aspects that have been optimized in the literature, energy consumption, thermal comfort, and economic benefits are the first, second, and third most optimized, having shares of 38.6%, 22.7%, and 17%, respectively.
The purpose of this investigation is to propose a way for acquiring the foremost window allocation scheme to have the best trade-off among energy, environmental, and comfort criteria in a building. An advanced decision-making tool, named the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), is utilized to find the best building amongst different alternatives for having windows on the building façades. Three conditions, namely two parallel, two perpendicular, and three façades, considered as A, B, and C types, respectively, are investigated. For each type, four possible orientations are studied. Heating, cooling, and lighting energy demands in addition to carbon dioxide equivalent emission and thermal and visual comfort are taken into account as the investigated criteria, and they are all evaluated in a simulation environment. The results show that for the modular residential buildings chosen as the case study and located in Tehran, Iran, having windows on the north and east façades is the best scheme. This alternative, which belongs to the B type, has about 40% and 37% lower heating and cooling energy demands than the C type’s foremost alternative. It is also able to provide about 10% better CO2 equivalent emission and 28% higher thermal comfort.
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