Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience and use domain experts’ knowledge to adapt to new situations. In this context, an intelligent Recommender System should be able to learn from domain experts’ knowledge and experience, as it is vital to know the domain that the items will be recommended. Traditionally, Recommender Systems have been recognized as playlist generators for video/music services (e.g., Netflix and Spotify), e-commerce product recommenders (e.g., Amazon and eBay), or social content recommenders (e.g., Facebook and Twitter). However, Recommender Systems in modern enterprises are highly data-/knowledge-driven and may rely on users’ cognitive aspects such as personality, behavior, and attitude. In this paper, we survey and summarize previously published studies on Recommender Systems to help readers understand our method’s contributions to the field in this context. We discuss the current limitations of the state of the art approaches in Recommender Systems and the need for our new approach: A vision and a general framework for a new type of data-driven, knowledge-driven, and cognition-driven Recommender Systems, namely, Cognitive Recommender Systems. Cognitive Recommender Systems will be the new type of intelligent Recommender Systems that understand the user’s preferences, detect changes in user preferences over time, predict user’s unknown favorites, and explore adaptive mechanisms to enable intelligent actions within the compound and changing environments. We present a motivating scenario in banking and argue that existing Recommender Systems: (i) do not use domain experts’ knowledge to adapt to new situations; (ii) may not be able to predict the ratings or preferences a customer would give to a product (e.g., loan, deposit, or trust service); and (iii) do not support data capture and analytics around customers’ cognitive activities and use it to provide intelligent and time-aware recommendations.
energy consumption has become a major challenge in cloud computing infrastructures. Cloud computing data centers consume enormous amount of electrical power resulting in high amount of carbon dioxide that affects the green environment as well as high operational costs for cloud providers. On the other hand, reducing the energy consumption would negatively impact the SLA (Service Level Agreement) that is a crucial concern in any resource allocation policy. In this paper, we propose a novel power aware load balancing method, named ICA-MMT to manage power consumption in cloud computing data centers. We have exploited the Imperialism Competitive Algorithm (ICA) for detecting over utilized hosts and then we migrate one or several virtual machines of these hosts to the other hosts to decrease their utilization. Finally, we consider other hosts as underutilized host and if it is possible, we migrate all of their VMs to the other hosts and switch them to the sleep mode. The results indicate that our method as compared to the previously proposed resource allocation policies such as LR-MMT (local Regression-Minimum Migration Time), MAD-MMT (Median Absolute Deviation-Minimum Migration Time), Bee-MMT (Bee colony algorithm-Minimum Migration Time) and non-Power aware policy offers least power consumption and SLA violation.
Association rule mining (ARM) is a commonly encountred data mining method. There are many approaches to mining frequent rules and patterns from a database and one among them is heuristics. Many heuristic approaches have been proposed but, to the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive literature review on such approaches, yet with only a limited attempt. This gap needs to be filled. This paper reviews heuristic approaches to ARM and points out their most significant strengths and weaknesses. We propose eight performance metrics, such as execution time, memory consumption, completeness, and interestingness, we compare approaches against these performance metrics and discuss our findings. For instance, comparison results indicate that SRmining, PMES, Ant‐ARM, and MDS‐H are the fastest heuristic ARM algorithms. HSBO‐TS is the most complete one, while SRmining and ACS require only one database scan. In addition, we propose a parameter, named GT‐Rank for ranking heuristic ARM approaches, and based on that, ARMGA, ASC, and Kua emerge as the best approaches. We also consider ARM algorithms and their characteristics as transactions and items in a transactional database, respectively, and generate association rules that indicate research trends in this area. This article is categorized under: Algorithmic Development > Association Rules Technologies > Association Rules Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining
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