Canine circovirus (CaCV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that globally circulates in dogs and wild carnivores. Although the pathogenic potential of the virus has not been fully understood yet, CaCV has been suggested to exacerbate the clinical course of other canine viral infections but also to circulate in dogs without clinical signs. In this study, we carried out real-time PCR assays to detect enteric pathogens from 156 canine rectal swabs collected from dogs without enteritis in 3 different regions in Iran. A total of 14 samples tested positive for CaCV and full-length genome sequences were obtained from 6 of the detected strains. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that, despite the distance between the different sample collection sites, all Iranian CaCV strains were closely related and formed a separate clade from extant CaCVs. The present study shows that CaCV is circulating in non-diarrheic dogs in Iran, thus highlighting the need for further epidemiological investigations in Iranian domestic and wild carnivores.

All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. ETHICS STATEMENT Participants were provided with an information describing the team, study objectives, and they were reassured that all responses will be anonymous.

sis, urinoma [5] and kidney loss [6]. The repair of the damaged ureter through inosculating of the interrupted ends of the tube is sometimes not feasible, needing additional efforts to fix the lesion. Based on the type of injury, different restoration techniques such as appendiceal substitution of the ureter [7], Boari bladder flap [8], ureteroenterostomy [9], transureteroureterostomy [5], psoas bladder hitch [10], ureteroneocystostomy [11], buccal mucosa graft [12], abdominal wall muscle flaps [3] and reinforced collagen scaffolds [13] have been developed over the years. Herein, we report a practicable technique aimed at the reconstruction of the damaged proximal ureter using an autologous flap of the renal capsule.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries in the world. Characterization of inflammatory responses produced in cutaneous Leishmaniasis has not yet been completed. The current study aims to assess and compare pro-inflammatory cytokines between burning injuries and Leishmania infection. Methods: the specific primers were designed for 10 proinflammatory genes including CCL4, CCL3, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-12P35, IL-12P40, CCL5, CCR5, IL-1β, and IFNγ. Their expressions were assessed and compared using RT-PCR in the lesions caused by either Leishmania or burning in BALB/c mice. Results: None of the proinflammatory genes were expressed in the healthy tissue and in the lesions caused by Leishmania, except IFNγ. The other genes were down-regulated by the parasite in untreated mice. In mice treated with Glucantime, the expression of the proinflammatory genes restarted. In contrast, the figure of expression of proinflammatory genes in lesions caused by burning was different. The proinflammatory genes were expressed in untreated lesions and down regulated in cured lesions. Conclusions: The findings of the current study indicated a role for Leishmania in suppression of proinflammatory genes and a role of proinflammatory genes in healing of burning lesions.