Real-time carbon monitoring of wastewater using bio-electrochemical sensors coupled with advanced data analysis methods provides WRRFs with an opportunity for efficient wastewater quality monitoring and an early warning tool for plant upsets.
Integrated
watershed modeling is needed to couple water resource
recovery facilities (WRRFs) with agricultural management for holistic
watershed nutrient management. Surrogate modeling can facilitate model
coupling. This study applies artificial neural networks (ANNs) as
surrogate models for WRRF models to efficiently evaluate the long-term
treatment performance and cost under influent fluctuations. Specifically,
we first developed five WRRFs, including activated sludge, activated
sludge with chemical precipitation (ASCP), enhanced biological phosphorus
removal (EBPR), EBPR with acetate addition (EBPR-A), and EBPR with
struvite recovery (EBPR-S), in a high-fidelity simulation program
(GPS-X). The five WRRFs were based on an existing plant that treats
combined domestic and industrial wastewater. The ANNs have satisfactory
performance in capturing nonlinear biological behaviors for all five
WRRFs, even though the prediction performance (R-square)
slightly decreases as the model complexity increases. We advanced
ANNs application in WRRF models by simulating long-term (10-yr) performance
with monthly influent fluctuations using ANNs trained by simulation
data from steady-state models and evaluated their performance on Phosphorus
(P) and Nitrogen (N) removal. EBPR-S shows the most resilience, while
EBPR is more sensitive to influent characteristics impacted by stormwater
inflow. When comparing life cycle costs of N and P removal for each
layout over the 10-yr simulation period, EPBR-S is the most cost-effective
alternative, highlighting both the operational and cost benefits of
side-stream P recovery. By capturing both nonlinear behaviors of biological
treatment and operating costs with computationally lean ANNs, this
study provides a paradigm for integrating complex WRRF models within
integrated watershed modeling frameworks.
Anthropogenic
discharge of excess phosphorus (P) to water bodies
and increasingly stringent discharge limits have fostered interest
in quantifying opportunities for P recovery and reuse. To date, geospatial
estimates of P recovery potential in the United States (US) have used
human and livestock population data, which do not capture the engineering
constraints of P removal from centralized water resource recovery
facilities (WRRFs) and corn ethanol biorefineries where P is concentrated
in coproduct animal feeds. Here, renewable P (rP) estimates from plant-wide
process models were used to create a geospatial inventory of recovery
potential for centralized WRRFs and biorefineries, revealing that
individual corn ethanol biorefineries can generate on average 3 orders
of magnitude more rP than WRRFs per site, and all corn ethanol biorefineries
can generate nearly double the total rP of WRRFs across the US. The
Midwestern states that make up the Corn Belt have the largest potential
for P recovery and reuse from both corn biorefineries and WRRFs with
a high degree of co-location with agricultural P consumption, indicating
the untapped potential for a circular P economy in this globally significant
grain-producing region.
Monitoring biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) with data-driven models is currently limited by the data limitations associated with the variability of bioavailable carbon (C) in wastewater. This study focuses on leveraging the amperometric response of a bio-electrochemical sensor (BES) to wastewater C variability, to predict influent shock loading events and NO 3 − removal in the first-stage anoxic zone (ANX1) of a five-stage Bardenpho BNR process using machine learning (ML) methods. Shock loading prediction with BES signal processing successfully detected 86.9% of the influent industrial slug and rain events of the plant during the study period. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and artificial neural network (ANN) models developed using the BES signal and other recorded variables provided a good prediction performance for NO 3 − removal in the ANX1, particularly within the normal operating range of WRRFs. A sensitivity analysis of the XGBoost model using SHapley Additive exPlanations indicated that the BES signal had the strongest impact on the model output and current approaches to methanol dosing that neglect C availability can negatively impact nitrogen (N) removal due to cascading impacts of overdosing on nitrification efficacy.
Interconnected food, energy, water systems (FEWS) require systems level understanding to design efficient and effective management strategies and policies that address potentially competing challenges of production and environmental quality. Adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) can reduce nonpoint source phosphorus (P) loads, but there are also opportunities to recover P from point sources, which could also reduce demand for mineral P fertilizer derived from declining geologic reserves. Here, we apply the Integrated Technology-Environment-Economics Model to investigate the consequences of watershed-scale portfolios of agricultural BMPs and environmental and biological technologies (EBTs) for cobenefits of FEWS in Corn Belt watersheds. Via a pilot study with a representative agro-industrial watershed with high P and nitrogen discharge, we show achieving the nutrient reduction goals in the watershed; BMP-only portfolios require extensive and costly land-use change (19% of agricultural land) to perennial energy grasses, while portfolios combining BMPs and EBTs can improve water quality while recovering P from corn biorefineries and wastewater streams with only 4% agricultural land-use change. The potential amount of P recovered from EBTs is estimated as 2 times as much as the agronomic P requirement in the watershed, showing the promise of the P circular economy. These findings inform solution development based on the combination of agricultural BMPs and EBTs for the cobenefits of FEWS in Corn Belt watersheds.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.