ABSTRACT. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of three multi-enzymes nutrient matrix values and compared the results with that fed barley and the corn diets without enzyme. In entire period, addition of all enzymes to the barley-based diet significantly (p < 0.05) increased feed intake (FI) and the highest intake was for birds that fed enzyme A (p < 0.05). Overall, from 0 to 42 days, average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by enzyme and birds fed enzyme A had the highest body weight (p < 0.05). Generally, from 0 to 42 d of age, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p < 0.05) improved when enzyme added to barley-based diet, but there were no significant differences among diets containing enzymes A and C and the corn-based diet. The carcass weight, and the relative weight of the abdominal fat were significantly increased by enzyme, while small intestine and cecum decreased with enzyme addition (p < 0.05). Enzyme significantly decreased jejunal viscosity at Day 23 (p < 0.05), whereas pH of jejunal digesta was not changed (p > 0.05). Litter moisture and water to feed ratio at 15, 25, and 33 days of age significantly decreased by addition of all enzymes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, considering nutrient matrix values for all used enzymes improved performance of broilers and can be used in formulating diets commercial broiler diets based on barley.Keywords: carbohydrase, broiler, performance, nutrient matrix value.Efeito do uso de valores de tabela para enzimas degradadoras de PNA sobre o desempenho, ingestão de água, umidade da cama e viscosidade da digesta jejunal de frangos de corte alimentados com dieta à base de cevada RESUMO. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de três valores da matriz para nutriente multi-enzimático e comparou os resultados com os obtidos com dietas baseadas em cevada e milho sem enzima. Em todo o período, a adição de todas as enzimas à dieta à base de cevada aumentou significativamente (p < 0,05) a ingestão de ração, sendo a maior ingestão observada nas aves alimentadas com a enzima A (p < 0,05). No geral, de 0 a 42 dias, o ganho médio diário foi significativamente aumentado (p < 0,05) pelo uso de enzimas e as aves alimentadas com a enzima A apresentaram o maior peso corporal (p < 0,05). De modo geral, de 0 a 42 dias de idade, o índice de conversão alimentar foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05) com a adição de enzima à dieta a base de cevada, mas sem diferenças significativas entre as dietas contendo enzimas A e C e à dieta a base de milho. O peso da carcaça e o peso relativo da gordura abdominal foram significativamente aumentados pela enzima, enquanto o intestino delgado e o ceco diminuíram com a adição de enzima (p < 0,05). A adição de enzima reduziu significativamente a viscosidade do jejuno no dia 23 (p < 0,05), ao passo que o pH da digesta jejunal não foi alterado (p > 0,05). A umidade da cama e a razão água: ração aos 15, 25 e 33 dias de idade foram significativamente reduzidos pela adição de todas as enzimas (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, considerando os v...

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of multi-enzyme in high and low levels of metabolizable energy (13.81 and 11.51 MJ kg -1 diet) on performance and energy utilization of broilers fed wheat-soybean meal diets from 0 to 21 days of age. Result showed that birds fed diets containing 11.51 MJ kg -1 consumed significantly (p < 0.05) more feed than diets containing 13.81 MJ kg -1 , whereas daily gain and feed conversion ratio improved (p < 0.05) when enzyme was added to 11.51 MJ kg -1 diet. There was significant improvement in metabolizable energy, net energy for production, organic and dry matter digestibility in 0-21 when diets supplemented with enzyme (p < 0.05). Addition of enzyme to 11.51 MJ kg -1 containing diet significantly (p < 0.05) reduced heat production of birds in 0-10 d, whereas heat production was not changed in 21 days. Supplementation of 11.51 MJ kg -1 diet with enzyme improved the efficiency of ME use for carcass energy and protein retention of broilers (p < 0.05). Generally, the results of current study demonstrated that addition of enzyme to wheat-soybean diets improved NEp of broiler chickens while MEI was not changed and it seems NEp is a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broilers response to enzyme supplementation.

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The antioxidant properties of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and their mixtures were examined using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging activity and ferric-reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella typhomorium) was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Results showed the highest overall rate of increase in total phenolic (13.67 mg·GAE/g·DW), and flavonoid (6.75 mg·QUE/g·DW) contents in the thyme–sage mixture extract compared with the thyme and sage extracts. As found by GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts, thymol, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, and carvacrol were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the thyme–sage extract. The lowest EC50 (DPPH•, 55.51 μg·ml−1) and the highest FRAP value (95.51 mM Fe (II) mg−1 extract) were recorded in the extract of the thyme–sage mixture compared with sage and thyme extracts, and butylated hydroxytoluene solution (BHT). The highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. typhomorium was observed in the thyme–sage mixture with the inhibition zone diameters of 22.13, 28.67, 31.25, and 23.65 mm, respectively. It is concluded that the extract obtained from the thyme–sage mixture has more potential to be used in the pharmaceutical and food industry as a natural antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

A greenhouse experiment was aimed at assessing the effects of poultry manure, sorghum, and clover residues (0 and 15 g kg-1) on the zinc (Zn) bioavailable fraction in contaminated calcareous soil using two chemical assay, diffusion gradient in thin films (DGT) and DTPA-TEA, and a bioassay with corn (Zea mase L.). The results showed that poultry manure, clover, and sorghum residues application increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 53.6 and 36.1, and 9.2%, respectively, with respect to unamended soils, as well as decreasing soil pH by 0.42, 0.26, and 0.06 units, respectively. These changes did result in increases of Zn effective concentration (CE) and DTPA-Zn, and plant Zn concentration as a result of the increased exchangeable form of Zn. In the sorghum residues-amended soils, a reverse trend was observed for CE-Zn compared to the DTPA method. Correlation analyses revealed that unlike CE-Zn, DTPA-Zn had a positive correlation significantly with organic fractions that can be considered as an equivalent to the fact that the DTPA method had been overestimated Zn available to plants. The best correlations between corn metal concentrations and soil metal bioavailability were for CE-Zn using DGT technique, which also provided the best Zn bioavailability estimate. It is concluded that sorghum residues could be used to reduce the phytotoxicity risk of Zn in calcareous contaminated soil, and DTPA method is the less robust indicator of Zn bioavailability than DGT technique.

A greenhouse experiment was aimed at assessing the effects of poultry manure, sorghum, and clover residues (0 and 15 g kg− 1) on the zinc (Zn) bioavailable fraction in contaminated calcareous soil using two chemical assay, including diffusion gradient in thin films (DGT) and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA), and a bioassay with corn (Zea mase L.). The results showed that poultry manure, clover, and sorghum residues application increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 53.6 and 36.1, and 9.2%, respectively, with respect to unamended soils, as well as decreasing soil pH by 0.42, 0.26, and 0.06 units, respectively. These changes did result in increases of Zn effective concentration (CE) and DTPA-Zn, and plant Zn concentration as a result of the increased exchangeable form of Zn. In the sorghum residues-amended soils, a reverse trend was observed for CE-Zn compared to the DTPA method. Correlation analyses revealed that unlike CE-Zn, DTPA-Zn had a significant positive correlation with organic fractions that can be considered as an equivalent to the fact that the DTPA method had been overestimated Zn available to the plant. The best correlations between corn metal concentrations and soil metal bioavailability were obtained for CE-Zn using DGT technique, which also provided the best Zn bioavailability estimate. It is concluded that sorghum residues could be used to reduce the phytotoxicity risk of Zn in calcareous contaminated soil, and DTPA method is the less robust indicator of Zn bioavailability than DGT technique.