Analytical filter papers are generally made of fibrous cellulose which has the potential to adsorb metal ions. In this study, blue band ashless filter paper was used to demonstrate one of the sources of error in the determination of the concentration of Fe , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ ions. For this purpose, the metal ion content of standard solutions in the 1-100 mg/ᐉ concentration range was analysed via FAAS before and after the filtration process. The corresponding results and the calculated percentage errors due to adsorption are presented. The effect of pH on the adsorption process was also investigated. Activated carbon and soil samples were spiked with each metal ion and the solid phases from the resulting solutions were separated by both filter paper methods and centrifugation. In the statistical estimation of the results, the paired t-test was applied for non-filtered and filtered solutions in the concentration range 1-100 mg/ᐉ using the data analysis tools available in MS Excel . The use of filter paper caused systematic errors, particularly at lower metal concentrations, and hence centrifugation or a filtering process using techniques other than filter paper is favoured as a better approach towards estimating the concentration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.
Heavy
metals are an important pollutant group. Adsorption is one
of the methods used to remove heavy metals from the environment. Mosses
were preferred as bio-indicators because they have the capacity to
accumulate many elements by their high surface-to-volume ratio. Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. (LS)
are mosses that play an important part of the ecosystem and are collected
from the Ida Mountain (Kazdag) region of Çanakkale (Turkey).
For the purpose of determining the adsorption capacity of heavy metal
ion (Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+) analysis conditions, pH,
contact time, and adsorbent amounts were determined and the maximum
adsorption capacity was calculated with the help of the relevant isotherms.
Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry. It was determined that the optimum adsorption
for mosses was 30 min at pH = 6.0 (the pH at which maximum adsorption
occurs). The adsorption event shows that some divalent cations fit
the Freundlich isotherm and some fit the Langmuir isotherm model.
A pseudo-second-order reaction best fits the kinetic data for metal
ions. Among the six metal ions studied, the highest adsorption was
observed in Pb2+ and Cu2+ cations. According
to the competitive adsorption results, the moss has a great advantage
in determining the Pb2+ and Cu2+ cations industrially
as well as other metals and in removing other metal impurities from
the environment. Also, LS is exploited as a biosorbent to remove metal
ions from aqueous solutions and can be used as a biomarker.
In this study, tea saponin (TS) was extracted from tea camellia seed by microwave-assisted extraction. The potential of TS was compared with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), which is used as a common chemical agent to enhance uptake of cadmium (Cd) by Amaranthus caudatus, an ornamental plant in the natural vegetation of Turkey under pot conditions. The enrichment coefficient (EC) and translocation factor (TF) values were calculated to evaluate the removal efficiency of the TS and EDTA. The results showed that an increase in both TS and EDTA concentration significantly increased Cd uptake by A. caudatus, accumulating Cd in different parts of the plant. Higher EC and TF values obtained from stems, leaves, and inflorescences of A. caudatus showed that this plant might be cultivated and used as a hyperaccumulator in the uptake of Cd from the Cd contaminated soils. Thus, the present technique can efficiently reduce the metal load in the food chain; hence, it could be applied in catchment areas of urban cities where Cd contamination has become an unavoidable factor.
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