In this study, drying kinetics of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate and methidathion pesticides on grape samples were determined. Grapes were dried under two conditions: by sunlight (for 21 days) and in a ventilated oven at different temperatures (at 50 °C for 72 hrs, at 60 °C for 60 hrs, at 70 °C for 48 hrs, at 80°C for 36 hrs). During sun drying, half-lives of chlorpyrifos, diazinon and methidathion were 5.64, 6.42 and 5.25 days, respectively. The data for dimethoate did not fit 0 th ,, 1 st and 2 nd order kinetics. During oven-drying, the pesticides followed the first order kinetic model. When the temperature increased, degradation of pesticides raised.
Growth and aflatoxin production byAspergillus flavus (MAM-268 C17, TNS=98) on autoclaved coconut, black pepper, crushed red pepper, red pepper powder were studied. Coconut were found to be a better substrate for fungal growth, as well as aflatoxin production. Red pepper powder could be considered as a poor substrate for fungal growth. The amount of aflatoxin found in crushed red pepper under laboratory conditions is much less compared with coconut, black pepper and red pepper powder.
In this study, the effects of different warm stratification periods on the seed germination of some Rosa species such as Rosa heckellana ssp. vanheurckiana, Rosa canina, Rosa pulverelanta and Rosa dumalis naturally grown in the Van region were investigated. In 2007, seeds of these species were kept at 25°C warm stratification for 10, 11 and 12 weeks, and then transferred to 5°C for cold stratification till the initiation of germination. Germination response to treatments of R. heckellana ssp. vanheurckiana seeds was different compared to the other species. The seeds of R. heckellana ssp. vanheurckiana germinated in a short time (when they kept in warm stratification followed by cold stratification between 1 -3 weeks). The seeds of the other species required 5 months of cold stratification after warm stratification to overcome seed dormancy. The overall germination percentage were 18.80% in R. canina, 13.80% in R. pulverelanta and 13.53% in R. dumalis at 25°C of warm stratification followed by 5°C cold stratification. We determined that for these three taxa, the most appropriate method of stratification was 11 week warm stratification followed by cold stratification.
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