in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).The evaporation behavior of urea-water-solution (UWS) droplet was investigated for application to urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. A number of experiments were performed with single UWS droplet suspended on the tip of a fine quartz fiber. To cover the temperature range of real-world diesel exhausts, droplet ambient temperature was regulated from 373 to 873 K using an electrical furnace. As a result of this study, UWS droplet revealed different evaporation characteristics depending on its ambient temperature. At high temperatures, it showed quite complicated behaviors such as bubble formation, distortion, and partial rupture after a linear D 2 -law period. However, as temperature decreases, these phenomena became weak and finally disappeared. Also, droplet diminishment coefficients were extracted from transient evaporation histories for various ambient temperatures, which yields a quantitative evaluation on evaporation characteristics of UWS droplet as well as provides valuable empirical data required for modeling or simulation works on urea-SCR systems.

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An ocular prosthesis is a custom-made polymeric insert that can be placed in an anophthalmic socket for cosmetic rehabilitation of patients who have lost their eyes. The process of creating such a custom-made ocular prosthesis is time-consuming and labor-intensive because it involves artistic work that is carried out manually. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated method for fabricating customized ocular prostheses using three-dimensional (3D) printing and sublimation transfer printing. In the proposed method, an impression mold of the patient’s anophthalmic socket is first optically scanned using a 3D scanner to produce a 3D model. The ocular prosthesis is then produced via a digital light processing 3D printer using biocompatible photopolymer resin. Subsequently, an image of the iris and blood vessels of the eye is prepared by modifying a photographed image of the contralateral normal eye, and printed onto the 3D-printed ocular prosthesis using a dye sublimation transfer technique. Cytotoxicity assessments of the base material and fabricated ocular prosthesis indicate that there is no adverse effect on cellular viability and proliferation. The proposed method reduces the time and skill required to fabricate a customized ocular prosthesis, and is expected to provide patients with easier access to quality custom-made ocular prostheses.

A realistic numerical model of a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) was developed under an actual vehicle operating condition. To provide the material data as well as to examine the performance characteristics, conversion experiments through the DOC were performed with a 2.0 liter EGR-mounted diesel engine on a dynamometer test bench. Then, on the basis of the currently developed in-house computational code, kinetic parameters of the model reactions were calibrated through a numerical fit to the experimental data. To cover a wide range of operating temperatures, the experiments and modeling were conducted under low engine speeds (i.e., 1000 and 1500 rpm). Main objectives of this study are to develop not only a numerical model based on real-world experiments but also a methodology of how to construct it. Details of the procedure are described step-by-step in this article. Also, on the basis of the experimental results currently observed, it is proposed that additional models considering the NO2 reaction to produce NO are further required than the generally adopted DOC models to capture the negative efficiency behavior in NO oxidation at low temperatures. Because the present DOC model does not take these reactions into account, its prediction performance with experimental results at 1000 rpm is poor for NO and NO2 emissions at low temperatures but is fairly good for CO and HC emissions. On the other hand, the prediction performance at 1500 rpm is good for all of the species as well as over all of the operating temperature ranges.