ObjectivesTo correlate Frey's syndrome with subjective symptoms, Minor's starch iodine test results, and infrared thermography measurements, and to discuss the utility of thermography as a quantitative diagnostic method.MethodsThis study included 59 patients who underwent unilateral parotidectomy. A subjective clinical questionnaire and an objective Minor's starch iodine test were performed to evaluate the incidence of Frey's syndrome. Infrared thermography was performed, and the subjects were divided into seven groups according to the temperature differences between operated and unoperated sites. The thermal differences were correlated with the results from Minor's starch iodine test and the subjective symptoms questionnaire.ResultsOf the 59 patients, 20 patients (33.9%) reported subjective symptoms after eating; 30 patients (50.8%) tested positive for Minor's starch iodine test, 19 patients (63.3%) of which reported subjective symptoms. Of the 29 patients who were negative for the iodine test, 2 patients (6.9%) reported subjective symptoms. Thus, subjective symptoms were well correlated with Minor's starch iodine test (r=0.589, P<0.001). As the thermal differences with infrared thermography increased, the number of patients with subjective symptoms increased (χ2=22.5, P<0.001). Using infrared thermography, the mean temperature difference in the positive group for the iodine test was 0.82℃±0.26℃, and that in the negative group was 0.10℃±0.47℃. With increased thermal differences, more patients showed positivity in the iodine test (χ2=29.9, P<0.001).ConclusionSubjective symptoms, Minor's starch iodine test, and infrared thermography are well correlated with one another. Quantitative thermography provides clues for the wide variation in the incidence of Frey's syndrome, and could be a useful method for diagnosing and studying Frey's syndrome.
The fasciola cinereum (FC) is a small subregion of the hippocampus that has been relatively unattended and less known compared with other subregions with respect to anatomical characteristics and functional significance. The lack of a detailed anatomical characterization of the FC has created ambiguity in the literature regarding the definition of FC borders with the CA1 subregion and attribution of cognitive functions to specific subregions of the hippocampus. Here, we show that the anatomical borders of the FC can be clearly defined histologically, and the region itself is characterized by unique anatomical connections and physiological properties. The major output of the FC is to the dentate gyrus (DG) and the FC itself. Firing properties of cells recorded from the FC were different from those in the CA1, and no sign of neurogenesis was detected in the FC. Selective ablation of neurons in the FC, successfully accomplished using colchicine, significantly impaired acquisition of novel visual-contextual memory in rats, without affecting retrieval of familiar visual-contextual memories. Our findings suggest that, given its connections to the DG, the FC may play critical roles in learning novel contextual behavior.
Background and ObjectivesZZThere is no general consensus on the risk factors affecting the recurrence or residual disease (recidivism) after surgery of congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear. In this study, we analyzed clinical characteristics of recidivistic cases after the surgery and compared those of non-recurrent cases to investigate the risk factors regarding the post-operative recidivism of the disease. Subjects and MethodZZData were collected from retrospective chart reviews and computerized database of patients who have underwent surgeries at Kangdong and Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital during the last 24 years. All surgeries, consisting of 95 primary cases and 24 revision cases, were performed by the same surgeon. ResultsZZRecurrence was detected in 24 cases of the 95 patients (including 4 cases, of which primary surgeries were done at other hospitals). Among the risk factors affecting post-operative recidivism such as sex, age, symptom, disease duration, type of cholesteatoma, mastoid pneumatization, ossicle status, and stage of disease, factors of longer symptom duration, poor mastoid pneumatization, older age, poor mastoid pneumatization, advanced or recurrent cholesteatoma were significantly related to the recidivism of disease. ConclusionZZLonger symptom duration, poor mastoid pneumatization, and advanced or recurrent cholesteatoma were revealed as high risk factors for post-operative recidivism in this study.
Introduction: Increased femoral vein size may lead to a higher first pass success rate during central venous cannulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of body position on femoral vein anatomy for cannulation. Methods: This prospective study examined the femoral vein of healthy volunteers by ultrasound scanner. The changes in cross-sectional area and diameter of the femoral vein were evaluated. Right-sided measurements were taken at four different leg positions: neutral, frog leg, backup , and back-up/frog leg position. Results: A total of 50 subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean femoral vein cross-sectional area were 0.57 ± 0.29 cm 2 , 0.90 ± 0.26 cm 2 , 1.05 ± 0.33 cm 2 , and 1.47 ± 0.34 cm 2 , and the mean femoral vein diameter were 0.75 ± 0.20 cm, 1.05 ± 0.28 cm, 1.25 ± 0.21 cm, and 1.46 ± 0.25 cm in order of neutral, backup , frog leg, and back-up/frog leg position (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Performing the right femoral vein catheterization in backup and frog leg position is associated with a greater cross-sectional area of the femoral vein.
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