Syneilesis palmata (SP) is a traditional medicinal plant. SP has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activities. However, there is currently no research available on the immunostimulatory activity of SP. Therefore, in this study, we report that S. palmata leaves (SPL) activate macrophages. Increased secretion of both immunostimulatory mediators and phagocytic activity was observed in SPL-treated RAW264.7 cells. However, this effect was reversed by the inhibition of TLR2/4. In addition, inhibition of p38 decreased the secretion of immunostimulatory mediators induced by SPL, and inhibition of TLR2/4 decreased the phosphorylation of p38 induced by SPL. SPL augmented p62/SQSTM1 and LC3-II expression. The increase in protein levels of p62/SQSTM1 and LC3-II induced by SPL was decreased by the inhibition of TLR2/4. The results obtained from this study suggest that SPL activates macrophages via TLR2/4-dependent p38 activation and induces autophagy in macrophages via TLR2/4 stimulation.
The present study investigated the immunostimulatory activity and anti-obesity activity of Adenocaulon himalaicum leaf extracts (AHL) in RAW264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 cells. AHL increased the production of immunostimulatory factors, such as NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and activated the phagocytotic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) attenuated the AHL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors and activation of phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of p38 and JNK blocked the AHL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors, whereas inhibition of TLR4 suppressed the AHL-mediated phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Additionally, AHL blocked the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. AHL downregulated proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT enhancer binding protein α and perilipin-1 levels, while upregulating adipose triglyceride lipase, phosphorylated (p-)hormone-sensitive lipase, p-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 α and PR domain containing 16 levels in 3T3-L1 cells. These findings suggested that AHL may exert immunostimulatory activity through macrophages via TLR4-mediated activation of p38 and JNK and anti-obesity activity by blocking lipid accumulation via the inhibition of adipogenesis and induction of lipolysis and browning of white adipocytes.
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