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Packed to capacity: The incorporation of mesoporous structures as a buffer layer enhances the structural stability of tin phosphate and alleviates the volume expansion of the tin phosphate anode during Li alloying/dealloying (see TEM image). The mesoporous tin phosphate/Sn2P2O7 composite anode shows a large initial capacity (721 mA h g−1) and excellent cyclability (587 mA h g−1 at the 30th cycle).

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Optical Characterization: Fluorescence spectra were measured using a fiber-coupled grating spectrometer (Jobin Yvon Triax 190) equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The dye was excited by a 488 nm continuous wave Ar-ion laser (Spectra-Physics Stabilite 2017). The excitation intensity was kept low to avoid degradation of the dye.The reflectance spectra of the films were collected on a fibercoupled grating spectrometer (Jobin Yvon Triax 190) [1] studies have been extensively performed in order to understand the operating mechanism and improve conversion efficiency. As a consequence, solar energy conversion efficiency as high as 11 % has been achieved. [2] In recent years, lightweight plastic-type DSSCs have attracted much attention due to drastic reduction in cost and more extensive applications, such as mobile power for wearable electronic devices. Unlike glass-based DSSCs, the COMMUNICATIONS

Core-shell type nanoparticles with SnO2 and TiO2 cores and zinc oxide shells were prepared and characterized by surface sensitive techniques. The influence of the structure of the ZnO shell and the morphology ofnanoparticle films on the performance was evaluated. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies show the presence of thin ZnO-like shells around the nanoparticles at low Zn levels. In the case of SnO2 cores, ZnO nanocrystals are formed at high Zn/Sn ratios (ca. 0.5). Scanning electron microscopy studies show that Zn modification of SnO2 nanoparticles changes the film morphology from a compact mesoporous structure to a less dense macroporous structure. In contrast, Zn modification of TiO2 nanoparticles has no apparent influence on film morphology. For SnO2 cores, adding ZnO improves the solar cell efficiency by increasing light scattering and dye uptake and decreasing recombination. In contrast, adding a ZnO shell to the TiO2 core decreases the cell efficiency, largely owing to a loss of photocurrent resulting from slow electron transport associated with the buildup of the ZnO surface layer.