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We present a case of a 71-year-old man with prostate cancer who had no prior underlying liver disease. During metastatic evaluation, a solid mass in the liver was identified by computed tomography and ultrasound. Gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a well-defined, peripheral enhancing hepatic mass containing small cystic component. This lesion was diagnosed as hepatic neuroendocrine tumor. Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the liver are extremely rare. This case is interesting because of the rarity of this neoplasm and the unique radiologic findings despite its small size. Reviews of previously reported cases in the literature are also presented.

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ObjectiveIn Korea, there are three main cattle breeds, which are distinguished by coat color: Brown Hanwoo (BH), Brindle Hanwoo (BRH), and Jeju Black (JB). In this study, we sought to compare the genetic diversity and divergence among there Korean cattle breeds using a BovineHD chip genotyping array.MethodsSample data were collected from 168 cattle in three populations of BH (48 cattle), BRH (96 cattle), and JB (24 cattle). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the Illumina BovineHD SNP 777K Bead chip.ResultsHeterozygosity, used as a measure of within-breed genetic diversity, was higher in BH (0.293) and BRH (0.296) than in JB (0.266). Linkage disequilibrium decay was more rapid in BH and BRH than in JB, reaching an average r2 value of 0.2 before 26 kb in BH and BRH, whereas the corresponding value was reached before 32 kb in JB. Intra-population, inter-population, and Fst analyses were used to identify candidate signatures of positive selection in the genome of a domestic Korean cattle population and 48, 11, and 11 loci were detected in the genomic region of the BRH breed, respectively. A Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree showed two main groups: a group comprising BH and BRH on one side and a group containing JB on the other. The runs of homozygosity analysis between Korean breeds indicated that the BRH and JB breeds have high inbreeding within breeds compared with BH. An analysis of differentiation based on a high-density SNP chip showed differences between Korean cattle breeds and the closeness of breeds corresponding to the geographic regions where they are evolving.ConclusionOur results indicate that although the Korean cattle breeds have common features, they also show reliable breed diversity.

A c c e p t e d A r t i c l e 2 ABSTRACT 52Objectives: Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken 53 breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In 54 chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to 55 evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and 56 relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. 57 Methods: We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian 58 countries (South Korea: KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO, Laos: LYO, LCH, LBB, 59 LOU, Indonesia: INK, INS, ING, Vietnam: VTN, VNH, Mongolia: MGN, Kyrgyzstan: 60 KGPS, Nepal: NPS, Sri Lanka: SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR: Rhode Island Red, 61 WLG: White Leghorn, CON: Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships 62 were analyzed using 20 MS markers. 63Results: In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of 64 alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS 65 breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (H exp , 0.718 ± 0.027) and polymorphism 66 information content (PIC, 0.663 ± 0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (H obs ) 67 was highest in LCH (0.690 ± 0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest H exp (0.372 ± 0.055), 68 H obs (0.384 ± 0.019), and PIC (0.325 ± 0.049). Nei's D A genetic distance was the closest 69 between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal 70 coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes 71 explained 56.2 % of the variance (axis 1: 19.17 %; 2: 18.92 %; 3: 18.11 %). STRUCTURE 72 analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the 73 highest △K value (46.92). 74 Conclusion: This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the 75 development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia. 76 77