Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known as the most intricate and hard-to-treat subtype of breast cancer. TNBC cells do not express the well-known estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressed by other breast cancer subtypes. This phenomenon leaves no room for novel treatment approaches including endocrine and HER2-specific antibody therapies. To date, surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy remain the principal therapy options for TNBC treatment. However, in numerous cases, these approaches either result in minimal clinical benefit or are nonfunctional, resulting in disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Nowadays, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is becoming more established as an option for the treatment of various types of hematologic malignancies. CAR-Ts are genetically engineered T lymphocytes that employ the body’s immune system mechanisms to selectively recognize cancer cells expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) of interest and efficiently eliminate them. However, despite the clinical triumph of CAR-T therapy in hematologic neoplasms, CAR-T therapy of solid tumors, including TNBC, has been much more challenging. In this review, we will discuss the success of CAR-T therapy in hematological neoplasms and its caveats in solid tumors, and then we summarize the potential CAR-T targetable TAAs in TNBC studied in different investigational stages.
Transposon-based methods, including Sleeping Beauty, introduce plasmid DNA alongside a transposase-encoding DNA or RNA using electroporation. This method is a cheaper approach in comparison with retroviral-based gene delivery and can markedly reduce
: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is widely known as the essential receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the globally known coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been the leading cause of virus-related mortality since early 2020. A wide range of human cells in different human organs express ACE2. The importance of ACE2 in the involvement of human organs during COVID-19 and its critical role in the process of target cell infection have rendered it an interesting therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly focus on ACE2 and its general roles in the human body and highlight the roles of ACE2 in the emergence of COVID19. Ultimately, we discuss the strategies for preventing virus entry using ACE2 blocking.
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