Due to the lack of adequate information, there is no an attempt to make a Hittite cultic calendar. But, festivals associated with the agricultural cycle for the Hittite cultic calendar can be taken into account. There were numerous festivals in Hittite Anatolia during the second millennium BC. While some of these festivals took more than one month, some were taking in a few hours. Typically, Hittite festivals have spiritual characteristics and consist of libations for different types of gods. It is possible to make a cultic calendar considering the distribution of festivals during the year. Most of the festivals are taking place in autumn and spring. Therefore, it may be said that Hittite festivals are connected with the agricultural cycle. The spring feats in the beginning of agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "seed" and the autumn feats in the end of the agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "harvest". This situation indicates that the Hittite cultic calendar has an economic aspect. The gods in the Hittite pantheon represent natural events that determine agricultural activities. For this reason it can be said that the agricultural cycle formed the Hittite cultic calendar. Even though they were a major political power in the 2 nd Millennium BC Anatolia, Hittites remained under the influence of other societies in cultural terms. This influence can be clearly observed especially in religious aspects. Relating with the spiritual world of the Hittites, religious festivals, rituals and mythological tales bear evident traces of the Anatolian and other Near Eastern communities of Antiquity. It is also possible to monitor this influence on Greek and Roman cultures, after the period of the Hittites. 1 Most Hittite cuneiform texts bear religious characteristics in nature. These texts mention the names of about one hundred seventy festivals 2 and rituals. They were celebrated on a regular basis and this situation indicates the existence of a cultic calendar. In the current study, a dating effort will be made to find out the distribution of these religious events throughout the year. Except for a few great festivals, most Hittite cuneiform texts only mention the names of the religious festivals and rituals. Even though the subject is disputed, it should not be forgotten that the term "festival" could be used in a different meaning-as opposed to present connotations-by Hittites, because the
ÖzHititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihçiler yazın gerçekleştirilen tarımsal faaliyetler için kullanılan BURU 14 kelimesinin aynı zamanda yaz mevsimi için de kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu makalenin amacı Hitit takviminde ayların sıralanışını açıklayarak söz konusu öneriyi desteklemek ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerine ilişkin tespitler yapmaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu'daki geleneksel halk takvimlerinde kullanılan terminoloji ile yaz mevsimine ilişkin Hititçe metinlerde kullanılan kelimeler arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmektir. Zira Anadolu halk takvimlerinde hasat zamanı olarak adlandırılan dönem Hitit takviminde benzer bir isimle anılıyor ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteriyor olabilir. Anahtar Kelime: Hitit, çivi yazılı metinler, yaz mevsimi, BURU 14 , Anadolu, halk takvimi AbstractThere is an uncertainty about the naming or presence of summer season in Hittite cuneiform texts. However, some scholars claimed that certain agricultural activities in summer written as BURU 14 in Hittite cuneiform texts indicate the summer period. The purpose of this article is to support this argument by explaining the sequence of the months in the Hittite calendar and to make determinations about the start and end dates of the summer season. It is also to draw attention to the similarities between the terminology used for the summer in traditional calendars in Anatolia and the words used for the summer period in the Hittite cuneiform texts. The period called harvest time in Anatolian traditional calendars may be referred to by a similar name in the Hittite calendar and it may indicate the beginning and end dates of the summer season.
This study was made on the plants used for medical purposes in Hititte cuneiform scripts. There are very few medical texts among Hititte cuneiform scripts. In these texts, it is seen that some plants are used in the treatment of diseases together with various religious rituals. These texts, which have the quality of prescription to some extent, indicate the existence of a traditional medicine in the Hititte era. The mentioned plants' uses in treatment are considered and the connection of these plants to the Anatolian folk medicine today was emphasized. Traditional treatment methods formed as a result of a cultural accumulation. It is possible to see some signs from Anatolia in the 2nd millenium B.C. about the past of the traditional herbal treatment methods which is known to have a long history in Anatolia.
Hidrolik tasarım süreci ve tarımsal sulama yönetiminde evapotranspirasyonun tahmini oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada günlük evapotranspirasyon miktarı tahmini için ortalama sıcaklık (S), bağıl nem (N), rüzgâr hızı (R), solar radyasyon (SR) parametreleri kullanılmıştır. Penman-Monteith, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) tarafından önerilen standart bir metottur. Bu metoda göre günlük evapotranspirasyon tahmini yapılmış (ET0), referans olarak da Penman Monteith yöntemi kabul edilmiştir. Günlük evapotranspirasyon miktarının tahmini için Basit Üyelik Fonksiyonları ve Bulanık Kural Oluşturma Tekniği (Bulanık SMRGT) ve Adaptif Sinirsel Bulanık Çıkarım sistemi (ANFİS) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen değerler klasik bir yöntem olan Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon (ÇDR) sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Modellerin tahmin sonuçları referans evapotranspirasyon değerleri ile kıyaslanmış ve her iki modelin de kararlı sonuçlar verdiği gözlenmiştir.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.