Our estimate of the total (weighted) number of female added workers in the crisis years shows that only around 9 percent of the homemakers in households experiencing an unemployment shock enter the labor market. Hence we conclude that, while some households experiencing unemployment shocks do use the added worker effect as a coping strategy, this corresponds to a relatively small share. We attribute this finding to the deeply embedded structural constraints against female labor market participation in Turkey.
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. The purpose of the series is to disseminate ideas to and elicit comments from academics and professionals. Terms of use: Documents inLevy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independently funded research organization devoted to public service. Through scholarship and economic research it generates viable, effective public policy responses to important economic problems that profoundly affect the quality of life in the United States and abroad. to unemployed in the current period. We explore whether and to what extent the primary male earner's move from employed to unemployed status determines the probability of married or single female full-time homemakers entering the labor market. We estimate the marginal effect of the unemployment shock on labor market transition probability for the overall sample as well as for different groups of women, and hence demonstrate that the effect varies widely depending on the particular characteristics of the woman-for example, her education level, age, urban/rural residence, and marital and parental status.We find that at the micro level an unemployment shock to the household increases the probability of a female homemaker entering the labor market by 6-8 percent. The marginal effects vary substantially across different groups of women by age, rural or urban residence, and education. For instance, a household unemployment shock increases by up to 34 percent the probability that a university graduate homemaker in the 20-45 age group will enter the labor market; for a high school graduate the probability drops to 17 percent, while for her counterpart with a secondary education the marginal effect is only 7 percent. 2Our estimate of the total (weighted) number of female added workers in the crisis years shows that only around 9 percent of the homemakers in households experiencing an unemployment shock enter the labor market. Hence we conclude that, while some households experiencing unemployment shocks do use the added worker effect as a coping strategy, this corresponds to a relatively small share. We attribute this finding to the deeply embedded structural constraints against female labor market participation in Turkey.
Yükseköğretim, ülkelerin bölgesel kalkınmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Yükseköğretimin temel kurumları olan üniversiteler, bilgi transferi ve harcamaları yoluyla dışsallıklar yaratabilirler. Bu dışsallıklar, farklı kanallar aracılığıyla bölgesel kalkınmayı artırmaktadır. Bu makale özellikle işgücü piyasası kanalını ele almakta ve Türkiye’deki yerel üniversiteler ile bölgesel işgücü piyasası performansları arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından yürütülen 2006 Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması mikro verileri ile Öğrenci Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi istatistikleri kullanılmış ve logit regresyon modelleri ile ampirik analizler yapılmıştır. Yerel üniversitelerin hem varlığı hem de nitelikleri ile işgücüne katılım arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Artan işgücü katılımının uzun vadede daha yüksek bölgesel gelire ve gelişmiş kalkınmaya yol açması beklenmektedir.
A245 Objectives: The market for orphan drugs presents challenges in balancing incentives for innovation with accessibility for patients. We assessed availability and prices of United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) orphan-designated drugs approved for treatment of leukemia in the US and England. MethOds: Regulatory information for leukemia drugs with FDA orphan designation was collected from the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Generic and brand drug names, dosing, administration, and US pricing were collected from the Lexicomp online database. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence database was then used to determine dosage and pricing for leukemia drugs in England. Prices were converted to cost per treatment or cost per year, as appropriate, to allow for comparison. Descriptive statistics, chi square, and paired t-test were used for the analysis. Results: As of 31Dec2014, there were 38 active ingredients (28 chemical entities and 10 biologic) with a total of 43 orphan drug designations available in the US for treatment of leukemia, as compared to 29 drugs with 35 indications available in England (p< 0.003). A higher percentage of drugs had orphan designation in the US than in England (p< 0.001). Of the 6 drugs with orphan designation in both countries, ofatumumab (FDA approval in 2009; +53.0% more expensive in the US), dasatinib (2006; 72.4%), nilotinib (2007; 36.3%), and idelalisib (2007; 50.0%) were more expensive in the US. Two drugs, obinutuzumab (2013;-4.8%) and fludarabine (1990;-109.1%) were more expensive in England. The difference in prices was not statistically significant. cOnclusiOns: More orphan drug treatment options for patients with leukemia were available in the US, whereas England provides a smaller number of drugs typically at a lower price than the US.
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