Os programas alimentares que adotam estratégias de restrição alimentar com longos períodos de jejum, bem como a superalimentação, podem levar a prejuízos nos sistemas produtivos por não respeitar os aspectos fisiológicos dos peixes. Tendo em conta as características metabólicas de cada espécie alvo é possível elaborar planos alimentares que reduzam de forma expressiva, não somente o consumo de alimento, mas também, o emprego de mão de obra, a taxa de gordura visceral e os custos totais de produção. Ademais, esse tipo de manejo alimentar pode tornar o negócio da piscicultura mais sustentável, uma vez que reduz os níveis de poluição do meio, viabiliza o negócio, reduz a sua sensibilidade às flutuações de preço da ração, bem como, permite ao produtor o melhor uso e gestão da mão de obra. Nesta revisão foram elucidadas algumas características inerentes às dinâmicas fisiológicas e metabólicas de algumas espécies, além dos principais indicadores de sustentabilidade, quando da adoção do manejo alimentar restritivo no cultivo de peixes.Palavras chave: sobrealimentação, ganho compensatório, qualidade da carcaça, mão de obra, planos alimentares ABSTRACT Food programs that adopt food restriction strategies with long periods of fasting, as well as overfeeding, can lead to losses in productive systems by not respecting the physiological aspects of fish. Taking into account the metabolic characteristics of each target species, it is possible to elaborate diet plans that significantly reduce not only food consumption, but also the employment of labor, the visceral fat rate and the total production costs. Furthermore, this type of food management can make the fish farming business more sustainable, since it reduces the levels of pollution in the environment, makes the business feasible, reduces its sensitivity to fluctuations in feed prices, as well as allows the producer the best use and management of labor. In this review, some characteristics inherent to the physiological and metabolic dynamics of some species were elucidated, in addition to the main sustainability indicators, when adopting restrictive food management in the cultivation of fish.
Medicinal plants from Amazon have been commercialized for decades, but few scientific studies prove their effectiveness and safety in use in aquaculture activities. The objective of the present study was to use the Amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum to predict the toxicity of the natural extracts of nine medicinal plants viz pariri Arrabidaea chica, muirapuama Ptychopetalum olacoides, anauerá Licania macrophylla, barbatimão Ouratea hexasperma, faveira Vatairea guianensis, sacaca Croton cajucara, jacareúba Calophyllum brasilliense, pau d’arco Tabebuia sp. and verônica Dalbergia subcymosa, in concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 µg/mL. The media was prepared in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted with water. Ten post-larvae (0.5 ± 0.1 g) were added to each triplicate and, after 24 h, the mortalities were evaluated, with the results of median lethal concentration expressed as LC50-24h using the Probit statistical method. To obtain the concentrations of a common bioactive compound of plant extracts, the concentrations of flavonoids were analyzed using a methodology based on the formation of chromophores. The results of acute toxicity indicate variability in the toxic effects of medicinal plants, taking into account the concentration of total flavonoids, with the least toxic Tabebuia sp. (LC50 = 758.31 µg/mL) and the most toxic C. cajucara and V. guianensis (LC50 = 72.16 and 75.23 µg/mL), respectively. The extracts demonstrated lethality against M. amazonicum, which predicts toxicity and warns of its use them as herbal medicines. More studies must be carried out to determine other bioactive compounds in the plant extracts used since there is an unparalleled availability of chemical diversity.
Popularmente conhecidas como ampulárias, esses moluscos gastrópodes são usualmente cultivados como organismos ornamentais pelo mundo. A coloração desses animais ornamentais é um dos pontos que atrai os seus admiradores e estimula sua aquisição no mercado. O pigmento mais difundido como suplemento para intensificação de cor em organismos aquáticos é a astaxantina. Ainda não existem rações específicas para a ampulária reforçando a necessidade de testar alternativas de alimentos e suplementos que melhorem o desempenho produtivo e a atratividade do animal. Os objetivos desse estudo foram mensurar a capacidade de acumulação de astaxantina sintética em diferentes níveis de inclusão na dieta de Pomacea diffusa, sua influência na concentração do pigmento e nos índices zootécnicos ao final do cultivo. E em paralelo verificar a influência da mudança da dieta de ração de peixes para ração de camarão na condição corporal dos moluscos em comparação com o início do trabalho. As ampulárias alimentadas com ração comercial extrusada para camarão marinho tiveram baixos índices de conversão alimentar (126,7 ± 18,3), altos índices de eficiência alimentar (126,7 ± 18,3%) e fator de condição (1,0 ± 0,14) acima da média inicial (0,90 ± 0,17), o que demonstra que esse alimento pode ser utilizado para seu cultivo. A suplementação dietética de astaxantina sintética não resulta em aumento significativo da concentração desse pigmento na musculatura desse molusco (P˃0,05). Palavras-chave: Ampulária. Moluscos. Gastrópodes. Pigmentos. Carotenoides. Abstract Known as apple snail, these gastropods are popular as aquarium pets around the world. The bright color of these animals is one of the key points that attract their attention in the ornamental aquaculture, where deep-colored animals are well appreciated. Astaxanthin is the most widespread color enhancing pigment used as a food supplement for aquatic organisms. There is no specific commercial food for apple snails, emphasizing the need to search for food alternatives and supplements that improve their performance and attractiveness. The objectives of this study are to measure the synthetic astaxanthin accumulation capacity of Pomacea diffusa at different levels of diet supplementation, and the effect on pigment concentration and zootechnical indexes at the end of the culture. It was also aimed to verify the effect of the diet change from fish food to extruded shrimp food on the mollusks’ body condition. Apple snails fed with commercial shrimp ration had low feed conversion rates (0.81 ± 0.13), high food efficiency (126.7 ± 18.3%), and condition factor (1.0 ± 0.14) above the initial average (0.90 ± 0.17), demonstrating that this might be an advantageous alternative food. Dietary supplementation with synthetic astaxanthin did not result in a significant concentration increase of this pigment in muscle tissue of these mollusks (P˃0.05). Keywords: Aquaculture. Mollusks. Gastropods. Pigments. Carotenoids
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