Background
The use of kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) for crowd-control has increased worldwide. Despite having been created as non-lethal weapons, significant damage to several organs, including the eye, has been reported. In this study, we investigated cases of ocular trauma from KIPs during the civil unrest in Chile. To our knowledge, this is the largest case series recorded in international literature.
Methods
We included all patients who sought care or were referred to the Eye Trauma Unit, a national referral centre in Santiago, Chile, during the civil unrest from October 18 to November 30, 2019. We reviewed paper medical records and extracted data on suspected cause of trauma, type of trauma, visual acuity and sociodemographic data.
Results
We included 259 patients, out of which in 182 cases (70.5%) KIPs were the suspected cause. Cases by KIPs were predominantly male (86.6%), young (median age 26.3, interquartile range 22.0–31.4) and living in the Metropolitan Region. Eighty-nine patients (48.9%) had severe visual impairment or were blind at the first examination. The trauma was an open-globe injury in 20.3% of cases and 13 cases required evisceration of the ocular content. Compared to other causes of ocular trauma, KIPs were related to a more severe loss of visual acuity and a higher frequency of open-globe injuries.
Conclusions
The use of KIPs during a period of civil unrest in Chile resulted in severe ocular trauma, visual impairment and permanent disability. KIPs should be avoided as a method of crowd-control.
The inter-observer agreement using the META score was adequate for spine surgeons but not for residents; the intra-observer agreement was poor. These results do not support the standard use of the META score to differentiate OVF and MVF. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
La escritura se incluye en el repertorio de saberes y habilidades propios de la Formación Inicial Docente (FID), tal como manifiestan las políticas y marcos normativos FID y las investigaciones sobre su rol formativo. No obstante, es escaso el conocimiento sobre la instanciación curricular de la escritura en las trayectorias FID. Este estudio de casos múltiples analiza la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Básica en tres universidades chilenas acreditadas. Se construyó una muestra intencionada de programas de curso y se identificaron competencias y prácticas pedagógicas escritas para describir la presencia de la escritura en el currículum diseñado. Estos datos fueron triangulados con grupos focales de estudiantes y profesores en cada institución, que recogieron evidencias del currículum experimentado. Los resultados dan cuenta de una importante presencia de la escritura en el currículum FID en todas las instituciones, aunque mayoritariamente de forma implícita. Los cursos con mayor potencial para trabajar la escritura a través del currículum no necesariamente son identificados como tales por docentes y estudiantes, ya que hay un alto impacto de la implementación que cada docente hace de los programas. Finalmente, se releva la necesidad de transversalizar y secuenciar la enseñanza de la escritura.
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