Background The use of kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) for crowd-control has increased worldwide. Despite having been created as non-lethal weapons, significant damage to several organs, including the eye, has been reported. In this study, we investigated cases of ocular trauma from KIPs during the civil unrest in Chile. To our knowledge, this is the largest case series recorded in international literature. Methods We included all patients who sought care or were referred to the Eye Trauma Unit, a national referral centre in Santiago, Chile, during the civil unrest from October 18 to November 30, 2019. We reviewed paper medical records and extracted data on suspected cause of trauma, type of trauma, visual acuity and sociodemographic data. Results We included 259 patients, out of which in 182 cases (70.5%) KIPs were the suspected cause. Cases by KIPs were predominantly male (86.6%), young (median age 26.3, interquartile range 22.0–31.4) and living in the Metropolitan Region. Eighty-nine patients (48.9%) had severe visual impairment or were blind at the first examination. The trauma was an open-globe injury in 20.3% of cases and 13 cases required evisceration of the ocular content. Compared to other causes of ocular trauma, KIPs were related to a more severe loss of visual acuity and a higher frequency of open-globe injuries. Conclusions The use of KIPs during a period of civil unrest in Chile resulted in severe ocular trauma, visual impairment and permanent disability. KIPs should be avoided as a method of crowd-control.

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The inter-observer agreement using the META score was adequate for spine surgeons but not for residents; the intra-observer agreement was poor. These results do not support the standard use of the META score to differentiate OVF and MVF. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

La escritura se incluye en el repertorio de saberes y habilidades propios de la Formación Inicial Docente (FID), tal como manifiestan las políticas y marcos normativos FID y las investigaciones sobre su rol formativo. No obstante, es escaso el conocimiento sobre la instanciación curricular de la escritura en las trayectorias FID. Este estudio de casos múltiples analiza la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Básica en tres universidades chilenas acreditadas. Se construyó una muestra intencionada de programas de curso y se identificaron competencias y prácticas pedagógicas escritas para describir la presencia de la escritura en el currículum diseñado. Estos datos fueron triangulados con grupos focales de estudiantes y profesores en cada institución, que recogieron evidencias del currículum experimentado. Los resultados dan cuenta de una importante presencia de la escritura en el currículum FID en todas las instituciones, aunque mayoritariamente de forma implícita. Los cursos con mayor potencial para trabajar la escritura a través del currículum no necesariamente son identificados como tales por docentes y estudiantes, ya que hay un alto impacto de la implementación que cada docente hace de los programas. Finalmente, se releva la necesidad de transversalizar y secuenciar la enseñanza de la escritura.

At 6 months, positive AQP4-Ab vs negative AQP4-Ab patients no evidence of poorer visual acuity. Lower visual acuity at baseline was associated with poor visual recovery at 6 months.

Epidemiological studies have reported an association between high iron (Fe) levels and elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It is believed that the formation of Fe-catalyzed hydroxyl radicals may contribute to the development of diabetes. Our goal was to determine the effect of a diet with a high Fe content on type 2 diabetic pigs. Four groups of piglets were studied: (1) control group, basal diet; (2) Fe group, basal diet with 3,000 ppm ferrous sulfate; (3) diabetic group (streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes) with basal diet; (4) diabetic/Fe group, diabetic animals/3,000 ppm ferrous sulfate. For 2 months, biochemical and hematological parameters were evaluated. Tissue samples of liver and duodenum were obtained to determine mRNA relative abundance of DMT1, ferroportin (Fpn), ferritin (Fn), hepcidin (Hpc), and transferrin receptor by qRT-PCR. Fe group presented increased levels of hematological (erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin) and iron parameters. Diabetic/Fe group showed similar behavior as Fe group but in lesser extent. The relative abundance of different genes in the four study groups yielded a different expression pattern. DMT1 showed a lower expression in the two iron groups compared with control and diabetic animals, and Hpc showed an increased on its expression in Fe and diabetic/Fe groups. Diabetic/Fe group presents greater expression of Fn and Fpn. These results suggest that there is an interaction between Fe nutrition, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the diabetes development.

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