xiAcknowledgments xiii
In 2009 the World Bank launched the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study to provide up-to-date and consistent estimates of adaptation costs for developing countries. The EACC study addresses many of the shortcomings found in the adaptation cost literature. First, it defines 'adaptation costs' as those additional costs of development due to climate change, thereby avoiding confounding the costs of closing the development deficit and the implicit adaptation deficit. Second, the study covers eight major sectors: infrastructure, coastal zones, water supply, agriculture, fisheries, forests and ecosystems, human health, and extreme weather events. Third, it employs common population and GDP growth trajectories across sectors and uses two climate scenarios to capture the full spread of model predictions. Finally, the EACC study uses an innovative methodology for aggregating costs at the sector level within a country, and across countries. Under these assumptions, the global price tag for the developing world of adapting to an approximately 28C warmer world by 2050 is US$70-100 billion per year for 2010-2050.En 2009 la Banque mondiale a lancé l'étude sur l'économie de l'adaptation au changement climatique Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) en vue de fournir une mise à jour et cohérence dans les évaluations des coûts d'adaptation pour les pays en développement. L'étude EACC aborde les nombreuses lacunes constatées dans la littérature sur les coûts d'adaptation. D'abord, les coûts d'adaptation sont définis en tant que coûts supplémentaires de développement dus au changement climatique, ce qui évite de confondre les coûts liés à la réduction du déficit de développement et de déficit d'adaptation implicite. Deuxièmement, l'étude couvre huit grands secteurs (infrastructure, zones côtières, alimentation en eau, agriculture, pêche, forêts et écosystèmes, santé humaine et événements climatiques extrêmes). Troisièmement, l'étude EACC utilise des trajectoires communes de populations et de croissance du PIB dans tous les secteurs et utilise deux scenarios climatiques pour capturer toute l'ampleur des prévisions modélisées. Finalement, l'étude utilise une méthodologie innovante dans l'agrégation des coûts au niveau sectoriel, au sein d'un pays, et entre les pays. Selon ces hypothèses, le prix global pour les pays en développement dans l'adaptation à un monde réchauffé d'environ 28C d'ici 2050 est de $70 à $100 milliards par an pour 2010 à 2050.
No abstract
No abstract
Pest Control is treated as a economic problem. The social and the private perspectives differ due to the consideration of the environmental and social impacts as well as technical aspects such as resistance, resurgence and secondary pests. A mathematical model is developed to determine and compare the social and the private optimum control strategies (which define the Economic Thereshold Levels) for the velvetbean caterpillar on soybeans in Brazil. The crop/pest system incorporates effects of predators and parasites, the soybean natural capacity to compensate for injury and the pesticide effects on both pests and its natural enemies; in the social case, the environmental and social impacts and the effects of pest resistance to the pesticide are incorporated. Consideration of density dependence, weather effects, randomnes of pest attack and risk aversion are discussed. The results can be compared with current control practices and IPM programme recomendations
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.