From its inception, forest certification aimed to address social as well as environmental goals. The FSC, its certifiers, and supporting donors aggressively supported community certification. As of 2003, 50 communities worldwide have received forest management certificates or chain of custody certification, and many other forest communities have been brought into the decision-making process of the certification of public and private forests as stakeholders. A rich set of lessons can be learned from their experiences that can help guide all certification schemes with an interest in community forest management. In essence, certification has benefited communities in many ways. Yet high costs, standard procedures and requirements as well as policy and regulatory constraints have precluded a large number of communities from beginning the process of certification. Going forward, the standards of certification schemes need to be reviewed and the standard-setting dialogue opened to include community clients (either by modifying the rules or creating a dual track). In parallel, alternative models of certifying sustainability should be considered.
within three months of publication. Sent items selected for publication may be edited and will be published in the ''Discussion'' section of a future issue of the journal. Maximum length of each item sent is not to exceed 3000 words. (2005) 7: 401-415 Ó Springer 2005 Environment, Development and Sustainability
A field trial was conducted at the University of Florida Dairy Research Unit (USA) to determine the relationship between initial coarse portion (ICP) particle size of a total mixed ration (TMR) and orts (weigh-back coarse portion, WBCP) of the same TMR. Additionally, the relationship between the ICP of a TMR and the proportion of cows chewing their cud 2.0 hours after feeding was determined. A random representative sample of TMR was taken from the feed bunk at initial feeding and 8 h later (weigh-back) every day from the same barn for 75 days. Samples were analysed for particle size content using a particle size evaluator. Proportion of the largest particles of the TMR was recorded. Additionally, the proportion of cows ruminating 2.0 hours after the morning feeding was recorded each day. Correlation and regression models between ICP and WBCP, and between ICP and the proportion of ruminating cows were calculated. The mean and standard deviation for ICP, WBCP and proportion of cows cud chewing were 14.2ñ6.6, 29.9ñ13.2 and 18.4ñ5.0%, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between ICP and WBCP was 0.53, and the correlation coefficient between the proportion of cows chewing their cud and ICP in the TMR was 0.19. Initial coarse proportion was a predictor for WBCP (p<0.01), but was not a predictor of the proportion of cows ruminating 2 h after the morning feeding (p>0.05). These findings are suggestive of sorting of the TMR by the cows. Sorting was significantly higher (p<0.01) as the coarse proportion at the initial feeding increased, but this difference was likely of little biological significance.
This reviews the authobiographic material from Jesse A. Saperstein's Atypical: Life with Asperger's in 20 1/3 Chapters.
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