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mal pulmonary function at the time of brain death may have declines in functioning, and only 15% to 20% of these patients' lungs are subsequently suitable for transplantation. 1-3 This may result from the pulmonary damage associated with brain injury 4 or the iatrogenic effects of mechanical ventilation. 5,6 There is evidence in various settings demonstrating that a lung protective strategy is beneficial. In patients with acute lung injury, ventilation See also pp 2592 and 2643 and Patient Page.

Introduction The optimal dialysis dose for the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) is controversial. We sought to evaluate the relationship between renal replacement therapy (RRT) dose and outcome.

IntroductionThe impact of gender on outcome in critically ill patients is unclear. We investigated the influence of gender on the epidemiology of severe sepsis and associated morbidity and mortality in a large cohort of ICU patients in the region of Piedmont in Italy.MethodsThis was a post-hoc analysis of data from a prospective, multicenter, observational study in which all patients admitted to one of 24 participating medical and/or surgical ICUs between 3 April 2006 and 29 September 2006 were included.ResultsOf the 3,902 patients included in the study, 63.5% were male. Female patients were significantly older than male patients (66 ± 16 years vs. 63 ± 16 years, P < 0.001). Female patients were less likely to have severe sepsis and septic shock on admission to the ICU and to develop these syndromes during the ICU stay. ICU mortality was similar in men and women in the whole cohort (20.1% vs. 19.8%, P = 0.834), but in patients with severe sepsis was significantly greater in women than in men (63.5% vs. 46.4%, P = 0.007). In multivariate logistic regression analysis with ICU outcome as the dependent variable, female gender was independently associated with a higher risk of ICU death in patients with severe sepsis (odds ratio = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.23 to 4.39, P = 0.009) but not in the whole cohort (odds ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval = 0.87 to 1.34).ConclusionIn this large regional Italian cohort of ICU patients, there were more male than female admissions. The prevalence of severe sepsis was lower in women than in men, but female gender was independently associated with a higher risk of death in the ICU for patients with severe sepsis.

Our results demonstrate that direct injection of autologous expanded MSCs into the spinal cord of ALS patients is safe, with no significant acute or late toxicity, and well tolerated. The clinical results seem to be encouraging.