The power system operation considering energy storage systems (ESS) and renewable power represents a challenge. In a 24-hour economic dispatch, the generation resources are dispatched to meet demand requirements considering network restrictions. The uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources and storage systems represents challenges for power system operation due to operational and economical restrictions. This paper develops a detailed formulation to model energy storage systems (ESS) and renewable sources for power system operation considering 24-hour period. The model is formulated and evaluated with two different power systems (i.e. 5-bus and IEEE modified 24-bus systems). Wind availability patterns and scenarios are used to assess the ESS performance under different operational circumstances. With regard to the systems proposed, there are scenarios in order to evaluate ESS performance. In one of them, the increase in capacity did not represent significant savings or performance for the system, while in the other it was quite the opposite especially during peak load periods.
The recent auction of firm energy and the decisions on medium-term coverage give rise to risks in the supply of electricity in Colombia in the coming periods. Taking into account the possible risks that may arise, such as: non-compliance with FEO due to generation units (six [6] non-compliances during 2015-2016 term), the delay of generation projects with committed firm energy (Hidroituango case) and the availability of firm energy in the market, imply a systemic risk for the electric power supply in the medium term. Through the study of technical documents and resolutions, issued by the CREG, about the medium term energy balances in 2018, firm energy supply and demand balances were reconstructed, including the results of the last FEO auction carried out in the first quarter of 2019, in order to carry out a risk analysis based on these same scenarios. It was observed that the amount of FEO auctioned exceeds the quantity of demand projected, meaning that the CREG assumed a conservative position by purchasing more energy than necessary (8650 GWh-year and 1027 GWh-year respectively), this is a situation that has occurred on more than one occasion.
Recently, several authors and reports inform about peer-to-peer transactions of goods and services. Usually, the electricity markets work trading energy at large scale in wholesale electricity markets. Given the integration of distributed energy resources such as PV generators, storage at small scale, demand response and electric vehicles then there are new options to trade energy at small scale by focusing in the producer-consumer relationship. This derives in alternatives based on peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity markets to trade energy employing tools as the blockchain and deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs). This paper presents a framework to trade energy at small scale with a flexible hybrid model of P2P based on transactions between communities and peers, for each period of time, each peer can change its role, the prosumer and producer peers can offer their generated energy. The consumer peers can adjust their consumption behavior based on price and quantity. Thus, the role of the community manager comes into play to associations between peers as an intermediary of the community and the grid. Therefore, a model of transactions with P2P offers was developed for different structures and sales prices. Finally, the framework to trade energy in a hybrid P2P model is evaluated in a demand curve considering a 24-h period for several cases.
Conductive ink is a modern method for making printed circuit boards (PCB’s), with new and somewhat different properties such as electrical conductivity, adhesion on non-conventional surfaces (glass, wood and paper) and the printability it possesses. However, such technology is cost and limited access given the machinery needed for the synthesis of ink and the tax on our currency. This situation leads to an increase in the technological gap between developed and developing countries. Therefore, the objective and motivation of this work is to present InkCo, a machine that automates the process of synthesis of conductive ink from metallurgical and chemical waste of the region. Understanding that through automation, virtual CAD modeling and materials science it is possible to develop the objectives of sustainable development (ODS) 4, 9 and 12, which seek innovation in industry and responsible consumption. Based on these ideas, InkCo is a mechatronic technology product that seeks to reduce this technological gap, through the implementation of rapid prototyping technologies (3D printing, laser cutting and prototyping of controlled circuits), for its structural construction, and thus generate an input (conductive ink) that can be used for the creation of more unconventional technology (3D printing of amorphous circuits on dielectric surfaces).
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