In Klinefelter's and Kartagener's syndrome, the fertilization potential and the live-birth rate are close to that obtained from nonspecific causes of sperm defects. Round-head sperm shows a lower fertility potential, but the addition of assisted oocyte activation and the use of intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection increased the rates of live birth. Conditions such as DFS and stump tail have a poor prognosis, but the number of cases described in the literature is too limited for drawing final conclusions.

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