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Se analiza el papel de la educación para el emprendimiento en la formación de intenciones emprendedoras de los estudiantes universitarios. Se analizó la conveniencia y la viabilidad percibida de la intención emprendedora considerando como variables independientes dos medidas alternativas de educación emprendedora. Para ello, se usó un modelo tipo probit para el análisis de variables dependientes discretas. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron considerando una muestra de estudiantes de administración de empresa de cinco universidades de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Los resultados confirman el modelo de evento emprendedor mostrando que tanto viabilidad como conveniencia percibida tienen una influencia positiva y significativa sobre la intención emprendedora. Los resultados permiten afirmar que la educación emprendedora de por sí no tuvo una incidencia significativa sobre la intención emprendedora. La educación emprendedora sí resulta significativa porque permite mejorar competencias emprendedoras y potenciar algunas habilidades prácticas administrativas, el entendimiento de las actitudes, y los valores asociados al espíritu emprendedor.

We analyze the determinants of job satisfaction of PhD holders in Spain. Specifically, we consider overall job satisfaction as well as basic and motivational satisfaction, following Herzberg's typology (based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs). Using representative data for Spain's PhD population, drawn from the Spanish Survey on Human Resources in Science and Technology (2009), we report an analysis by gender and the institutional sector (university and non-university) in which employees work. We employ OLS regressions to identify the determinants of basic and motivational satisfaction in the workplace and an ordered logit model for overall job satisfaction. Results do not allow us to confirm Herzberg's factor differentiation for Spanish PhD holders, since the factors of basic motivation (including salary or working conditions-needs of 'safety') have a bearing on all types of job satisfaction (and not solely on the basic satisfaction of PhD holders). Our results do not show any significant differences by gender. However, it seems that meeting these 'basic' needs is less important for the job satisfaction of PhD holders working in universities. The results seem reasonable in a Southern European country where the monetary conditions of the labor market are worse than those in other developed countries.

This paper discusses the potential effects of R&D public subsidies on a strategic issue for companies, the decision to combine internal and external R&D expenditure. Analyzing some arguments discussed in the management literature, it is assessed whether public intervention by granting R&D subsidies influences the composition of R&D expenditure. To do this, we analyze the data from the Survey on Business Strategies for the period 1991–2008. Results confirm that the public funding of R&D expenditure through subsidies have a positive impact on internal R&D and especially in the decision to conduct R&D internally and externally simultaneously.

Innovation and Technology policies provide positive incentives to the firms to perform R&D activities. This article examines the decision of internal and external R&D expenditures of subsidized firms, estimating the impact of R&D subsidies on firms performing different innovation strategies. The Spanish survey on business strategy for manufacturing firms (ESEE) is used for the period 1998-2005. Results show that determinants of pure internal or external R&D expenditures obey to different motivations, affecting in consequence, the impact of the subsidies on firms adopting different sources of knowledge.

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This article presents a novel conceptual framework that uses the notion of knowledge sourcing to explain how firms realize benefits from R&D subsidies in terms of innovations. The study considers two dimensions of the firm’s knowledge sourcing: its R&D effort and level of openness to technology markets. This article proposes that the policy-induced effects of R&D subsidies on the knowledge-sourcing process increase firms’ innovation outcomes, thus making this policy intervention effective in promoting innovation. By using panel data from Spanish manufacturing firms, this article presents evidence consistent with the hypothesis that by changing the knowledge sourcing of firms, National R&D subsidy programs in Spain also favor more firm innovation, measured by patent applications and new product launches. It is also documented that the granting of R&D subsidies does not affect firm innovation directly but rather through inducing changes in the firm’s R&D effort and openness to technology markets. JEL CLASSIFICATION: O32, O36, O38