The sudden appearance and spread of Internet addiction in adolescent populations, in association with the rapid escalation of consumed Internet content and the broad availability of smartphones and tablets with Internet access, is posing a new challenge for classical addictology which requires urgent solutions. Like the majority of other psychopathological conditions, pathological Internet addiction depends upon a group of multifactor polygenic conditions. For each specific case, there is a unique combination of inherited characteristics (nervous tissue structure, secretion, degradation, and reception of neuromediators), and many are extra-environment factors (family-related, social, and ethnic-cultural). One of the main challenges in the development of the bio-psychosocial model of Internet addiction is to determine which genes and neuromediators are responsible for increased addiction susceptibility. This information will herald the start of a search for new therapeutic targets and the development of early prevention strategies, including the assessment of genetic risk levels. This review summarizes the literature and currently available knowledge related to neurobiological risk factors regarding Internet addiction in adolescents. Genetic, neurochemical and neuroimaging data are presented with links to actual pathogenetic hypotheses according to the bio-psychosocial model of IA forming.

L-ficolin encoded by FCN2 gene is a crucial factor of defense against infection in humans. We studied the prevalence of the two common variants (rs17549193 and rs7851696) in aboriginal and alien populations of the Taymyr-Dolgan-Nenets Region of Krasnoyarskiy Kray, East Siberia, Russia (Nenets, Dolgans, Nganasans, Russians). We found a decreased prevalence of the rs17549193*T allele in all aboriginal populations as compared to Russians. Also, its frequency was the lowest in the Nenets among the studied populations, while frequency of the rs7851696*T allele was increased in this population. The results suggest that the Arctic populations of East Siberia are characterised by specificity of genetic make-up responsible for the activity of L-ficolin. Clinical and epidemiological studies are required to discover if these genetic features correlate with the infant infectious morbidity in East Siberian populations.

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This study aims to establish a link between disturbances in the night sleep habitus, quality of sleep, and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with Internet addiction and different types of content consumed. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of a school sample in three large cities in Central Siberia. 4615 schoolchildren of 12–18 years old were examined. The Russian-language versions of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents, and the Social Media Disorder Scale were used to identify Internet addiction. Questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire were used to assess nighttime sleep. Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale questionnaire. Results: Adolescents with Internet addiction go to bed and wake up late; they are characterized by a decrease in the duration of nighttime sleep, an increase in sleep onset latency, and frequent nighttime awakenings, as well as more pronounced daytime sleepiness. Among the sleep parameters studied, the indicators of daytime sleepiness and night awakening scales have the highest effect size in Internet-addicted adolescents, regardless of the media consumed. Conclusion: Internet-addicted adolescents are characterized by significant disturbances in the quality of nighttime sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness, which requires appropriate psychological correction.

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Маннозосвязывающий лектин (Mannose binding lec tin -MBL) -паттерн распознающий острофазовый белок, относящийся к системе врожденного им мунитета и активно участвующий в элиминации широкого круга патогенных микроорганизмов по средством активации системы комплемента и оп сонизации. У значительной части человеческой популяции отмечается врожденно низкий уровень продукции и / или низкая функциональная актив ность MBL вследствие носительства различных ва риантов гена MBL2, что потенциально увеличивает предрасположенность к более тяжелому течению са мых разнообразных инфекционных заболеваний. Механизм действияЛектины -общий термин, обозначающий протеи ны, способные к распознаванию и агрегации моле кул олиго и полисахаридной природы. Среди всех лектинов уникальными функциями формирования комплексов с углеводными компонентами микроб ной стенки и одновременно -со специфическими протеазами (MBL associated serine proteases -MASPs) обладают собственно MBL и фиколины. Образова ние сложного комплекса приводит в итоге к актива ции системы комплемента. Такой путь активации называется лектиновым, в отличие от двух других путей -классического и альтернативного. Класси ческий путь активации комплемента инициируется взаимодействием антителосодержащих иммунных комплексов с субкомпонентом комплемента C1q, а лектиновый, как и альтернативный, не требуют на личия специфических антител. Все 3 пути активации ведут к одному важнейшему событию: расщеплению центрального компонента системы комплемента -протеина С3 с образованием его фрагмента C3b, ко торый опсонизирует чужеродные клетки, подготав ливая их к последующему фагоцитозу. Одновремен но активируются поздние компоненты комплемента (C5-C9), обладающие непосредственной цитоли тической активностью без участия фагоцитирую щих клеток. Таким образом, лектиновый путь акти вации комплемента, являясь филогенетически более древним, не требует наработки антител и выступает AbstractMannose binding lectin is a part of the innate immunity that, being the first barrier of the anti infectious defense, acts in first minutes or hours after pathogen challenge. The review provides data about mechanisms of action of mannose binding lectin and its particular pathogenic role in a wide range of respiratory diseases: bacterial pneumonia, viral respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease, and asthma in adults and children.

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