A technique to generate supercritical fluid (SCF) particles has gained attention in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint applications. However, the scarcity of information on the design of this type of laboratory-scale equipment is a significant obstacle to its technological progress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and develop a laboratory supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) system for producing microparticles and microcapsules of acetaminophen. The designed SAS system was operated at 110 bars of pressure, 35 °C, 35 mg/ml polymer concentration and 1.75 ml/min feed flow rate. The morphological, thermal and crystallographic properties of the microparticles and microcapsules were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction, respectively. The in vitro drug release by the microparticles and microcapsules was also investigated. Following the SAS process, a more homogenous microparticle size distribution was observed in addition to a change in the crystallinity, and the drug thermal stability was maintained. Furthermore, the microcapsules significantly prolonged the drug release during the in vitro study. These results demonstrate that the designed SAS system successfully produced microparticles and microcapsules of the selected drug.
Problem statement: Literature on the production of nanoparticles using supercritical fluids is substantial, but comparatively much less for nanoencapsulation. Approach: In this study, a modified Supercritical Anti Solvent (SAS) apparatus was fabricated for use in the production of nanoparticles using carbon dioxide as the supercritical fluid (SCF). SAS technique involves precipitation of solids from liquid solution under supercritical antisolvent-induced condition. Production of nanoparticles using SAS was investigated using 2 types of model solutes: Fume silica and acetaminophen which represent a model of water insoluble (inorganic) material and water soluble material respectively. The morphology and characteristics of nanoparticles produced were assessed. Results: The fume silica had been coated and 50 nm diameter of nanoencapsulated acetaminophen had been produced. Conclusion: The results had revealed that both water insoluble and soluble substrates can be coated and encapsulated successfully in polymer by the SAS coating proces
Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of MR219 rice variety were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). State diagram was developed and used to evaluate drying process in this study. Glass transition temperatures range of 9.65- 61.79°C were observed for gains with moisture content of 26.8 7.4% (w.b.). For mechanical properties and milling test, statistical analysis was performed by using a two factor experiment in completely randomized design (CRD). Two selected factors were drying temperatures at 5 levels (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60°C) and final moisture content (FMC) at 4 levels (10-10.5, 11-11.5, 12-12.5 and 13-13.5%). Threepoint bending test was applied to measure the mechanical properties of rice kernel. Generally, bending strength, apparent modulus of elasticity and fracture energy of brown rice kernel increased with decreasing the grain moisture content. Maximum bending strength was 35.69 and 33.64 MPa for 55, and 60°C, respectively. All samples that were dried at 55 and 60°C experienced to go through the glass transition line after reaching their temperature to the room temperature at the end of drying process. The effect of drying temperature, paddy FMC and their interactions on whole kernel percentage (WKP) and mechanical properties were significant (α = 0.05). An inverse relationship was observed between WKP and the percentage of strong kernels for all treatments.
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