A long-standing prediction of quantum electrodynamics, yet to be experimentally observed, is the interaction between real photons in vacuum. As a consequence of this interaction, the vacuum is expected to become birefringent and dichroic if a strong laser field polarizes its virtual particle-antiparticle dipoles. Here, we derive how a generally polarized probe photon beam is influenced by both vacuum birefringence and dichroism in a strong linearly polarized plane-wave laser field. Furthermore, we consider an experimental scheme to measure these effects in the nonperturbative high-energy regime, where the Euler-Heisenberg approximation breaks down. By employing circularly polarized high-energy probe photons, as opposed to the conventionally considered linearly polarized ones, the feasibility of quantitatively confirming the prediction of nonlinear QED for vacuum birefringence at the 5σ confidence level on the time scale of a few days is demonstrated for upcoming 10 PW laser systems. Finally, dichroism and anomalous dispersion in vacuum are shown to be accessible at these facilities.
We study commutative associative polynomial operations A n ×A n → A n with unit on the affine space A n over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. A classification of such operations is obtained up to dimension 3. Several series of operations are constructed in arbitrary dimension. Also we explore a connection between commutative algebraic monoids on affine spaces and additive actions on toric varieties.
Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет 2 Ростовский государственный медицинский университет МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ВЕСТНИК СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА 2014. Т. 9. № 4 Medical news of north caucasus 2014. Vоl. 9. iss. 4 МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ВЕСТНИК СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА 2014. Т. 9. № 4 Medical news of north caucasus 2014. Vоl. 9. iss. 4
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