This article covers nomenclature, sources, biosynthesis, preparation, uses, microcrystalline cellulose, structural chemistry, reactions, solvents, and liquid crystals. Cellulose for commercial purposes comes mostly from wood and cotton, whereas cellulose for research comes from bacteria, algae, and ramie (also a textile fiber). Preparation includes pulping and purification, with an alternative method of steam explosion. The pore structure of cellulose is mentioned. Emphasis is given to cellulose crystal structures. Cellulose solutions are important to the rayon and cellophane industries, and new solvents are of interest because they may lessen pollution and might permit commercial production of stronger cellulosic materials through the formation of liquid crystals. Common physical methods for assessment of cellulose structure are discussed. Figures include the chemical and physical structures of the molecule, sources of cellulose, biosynthesis charts, molecular weight distributions, crystallite sizes, X‐ray diffraction patterns, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, conformational energy plots, and the unit cell structures of cellulose I–IV.
ISI Document Delivery No.: 466XB Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 15 Donnadieu, Patricia Lazar, Sorin Botton, Gianluigi A. Pignot-Paintrand, Isabelle Reynolds, Michael Perez, Serge Amer inst physics MelvilleWe report on a method to measure the mean inner potential (V-0) using transmission electron microscopy. It is based on phase retrieval from a focus series and has allowed to measure V-0 as a function of the size for a system of gold nanoparticles. It comes out that V-0 increases for particles below 2 nm. The focus series being carried out in conditions close to the high-resolution ones, structural information can be directly obtained. The high-resolution images have revealed that significant structural change occurs below the 2 nm size, which should be related to the V-0 increase
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