Pneumoscrotum is the term used to indicate the presence of air in the scrotum and comprises scrotal emphysema and pneumatocele. It is an uncommon medical condition and encompasses multiple etiologies, some of which may be life-threatening. We present the case of a 45-year-old male who developed a pneumoscrotum seven days after undergoing a thoracoscopy with decortication, pleural biopsy, and chest tube insertion, for a loculated pleural effusion not amenable to drainage by a pigtail catheter. The patient was diagnosed with a bronchopleural fistula and was treated conservatively with negative chest tube pressure. Treatment of the fistula and of the resulting pneumothorax allowed resorption of the pneumoscrotum. The associated literature is reviewed after the case presentation. This case report underlines the importance of evaluating a pneumoscrotum that should not be underestimated.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving apocrine glands of the skin. It carries out an important burden on the daily life of the patient. Unfortunately, it presents a major concern for medical care management in the absence of clear guidelines for proper medical and surgical treatment. Hence, we report a case of concomitant axillary and perianal HS. We opted for surgical management using a novel technique, which proved efficacy for a year of follow-up recurrence free.

Objectives: Previous reviews reported the outcome of each scientific modality in the management of T1 high-grade bladder cancer. The objective of this review is to assess and evaluate the available scientific modalities used during the last two decades and determine whether they were able to improve the clinical outcome. Literature Search Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted from 2000-2020 using PubMed, Medline, Embase, and other database sites looking at randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials, research, review articles, and original articles addressing the different scientific modalities used to diagnose and manage patients with non-muscle invasive Bladder cancer (NMIBC)during the last 2 decades. More than 573 studies were retrieved following the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and PICOS criteria (Population, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study design). Only 85 articles were selected for review including 19 prospective trials, 44 RCTs, original articles, research articles, one review article, and clinical trials-Retrospective studies were excluded to limit bias as much as possible in the analysis. Results: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have become the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of new treatments. They are considered the highest standard of evidence-based medicine and are the method of choice. Overall, we selected 85 studies for review, among them 63 prospective trials and RCTs, with a total of 21,895 patients, published between 2000 and 2020. Previously conducted studies have shown that identifying rare histological types with poor prognoses can help improve outcomes, mainly the plasmacytoid How to cite this paper: Alame, W.F., Raad, N. and Ibrahim, S. (2022) Did the Scientific Innovations in the Management of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Improve the Outcome during the Last 2 Decades?

Highlights Adrenal incidentalomas are tumors found accidentally by imaging. Hemangiomas are quite rare and in certain cases their surgical intervention should never be overlooked. Embolization is primarily implied but one should never neglect the failure rate and the need for surgical intervention. There are 4 types of AH: cavernous hemangioma, venous hemangioma, capillary type hemangioma, and mixed hemangioma. To our knowledge, our case has the largest size of an AH being reported in the literature with a 17 cm.