SUMMARYObjective: To determine the main factors influencing metabolic changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Methods: We prospectively studied 114 patients with MTLE (62 female; 60 left HS; 15-to 56-year-olds) with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and correlated the results with the side of HS, structural atrophy, electroclinical features, gender, age at onset, epilepsy duration, and seizure frequency. Imaging processing was performed using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Ipsilateral hypometabolism involved temporal (mesial structures, pole, and lateral cortex) and extratemporal areas including the insula, frontal lobe, perisylvian regions, and thalamus, more extensively in right HS (RHS). A relative increase of metabolism (hypermetabolism) was found in the nonepileptic temporal lobe and in posterior areas bilaterally. Voxel-based morphometry detected unilateral hippocampus atrophy and gray matter concentration decrease in both frontal lobes, more extensively in left HS (LHS). Regardless of the structural alterations, the topography of hypometabolism correlated strongly with the extent of epileptic networks (mesial, anterior-mesiolateral, widespread mesiolateral, and bitemporal according to the ictal spread), which were larger in RHS. Notably, widespread perisylvian and bitemporal hypometabolism was found only in RHS. Mirror hypermetabolism was grossly proportional to the hypometabolic areas, coinciding partly with the default mode network. Gender-related effect was significant mainly in the contralateral frontal lobe, in which metabolism was higher in female patients. Epilepsy duration correlated with the contralateral temporal metabolism, positively in LHS and negatively in RHS. Opposite results were found with age at onset. High seizure frequency correlated negatively with the contralateral metabolism in LHS. Significance: Epileptic networks, as assessed by electroclinical correlations, appear to be the main determinant of hypometabolism in MTLE. Compensatory mechanisms reflected by a relative hypermetabolism in the nonepileptic temporal lobe and in extratemporal areas seem more efficient in LHS and in female patients, whereas long duration, late onset of epilepsy, and high seizure frequency may reduce these adaptive changes.

No abstract

In this series, F-FDG PET contributed to the localization of FCD in 83% of patients. This high localizing value was obtained by integration of electroclinical data and PET/MRI coregistration. This approach may help improve the surgical outcome in extratemporal epilepsy, even in patients negative on MRI.

(18)F-FDG PET/CT allows an easy evaluation of early therapeutic response in patients with TB, particularly extra-pulmonary TB.

The combined use of (11)C-choline and (18)F-FDG PET/CT detected HCC with high sensitivity. This approach appears to be of potential prognostic value and may facilitate the selection of patients for surgical resection or liver transplantation.

US features, such as vascular encasement and improvement under corticosteroid treatment, seem to be specific to this rare disease. For the first time, USE documents the hardness of RT tissues. Apart from the FDG-PET/CT findings that merit further investigation, US and USE prove useful tools in the assessment of such a rare disease.

Our results suggest a strong correlation between T-tau and P-tau levels and decreased brain perfusion in regions typically affected by neuropathological changes in AD.

On page 10 of the original version of this article, the sentence BWe also performed PET/MRI-10 based surgical resections in an increasing number of MRI negative/doubtful cases with 11 favourable outcome.^has added numbers which are unnecessary.Correct line should be: We also performed PET/MRI based surgical resections in an increasing number of MRI negative/ doubtful cases with favourable outcome.The original article has been corrected.The online version of the original article can be found at https://doi