Introduction: Very few systematic studies are done during the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome in suitable animal models. In this paper we present the effect of High-Fat Simple Carbohydrate (HFSC) feed on the metabolic hormones in C57BL/6J mice to understand the sequence of events leading to impairment of glucose homeostasis. Material and methods: One-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with control (C group) and HFSC (T group) feed (n = 30 each) respectively for five months. The glucose tolerance was studied by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) whereas serum insulin and leptin were quantified using ELISA kits, and serum cortisol was quantified using CLIA kits. Results: Insulin resistance index and HOMA-IR levels were higher in the mice of group T as compared to age-matched mice of group C within one month and significantly higher after and five months of feeding. The total area under the glucose tolerance test curve (AUC) and the insulin curve (AUC ins) was found to significantly increase in the mice of T group as compared to the mice of C group as early as two months of feeding and was elevated after 5 months post feeding. Comparison of the Matsuda index revealed that pancreatic beta cell function was significantly lower in mice of T group as compared to mice of C group by five months of feeding. Leptin levels fluctuated during the 1 st -4 th month and by the 5 th month significant hyperleptinaemia was detected. There was no significant change in cortisol levels in mice of group T as compared to mice of group C after five months of feeding. Conclusions: HFSC feed induces insulin resistance by the first month and progressively impairs glucose tolerance, resulting in hyperleptinaemia by the fifth month in male C57BL/6J mice. (Endokrynol Pol 2016; 67 (6): 592-598)
HFSC diet impairs the central and peripheral dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways in mice as evidenced by the disturbances in their hypothalamic, plasma, and urine levels and this might be one of the early factors contributing towards the development of the MetS.
The purpose of this study was to develop and standardize a protocol for the novel use of a benzopyrone derivative, namely 4-hydroxycoumarin (4-HC), for the estimation of cotinine to identify tobacco consumers using Konig’s reaction. 4-HC was soluble in 2-propanol and 1-butanol at a concentration of 100 mg/mL and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Cotinine was estimated by Konig’s reaction using three different formats in which the physical nature of primarily two reagents, potassium thiocyanate and Chloramine-T, was varied. The three formats included dry format, semi-dry format and liqiuid format. The use of 4-HC disssolved in 2-propanol was found to quantitatively estimate cotinine at a lower detection limit of 50 μM in all three formats at 500 nm. A quantitative lower limit of detection of 3.2 μM of cotinine was obtained when 4-HC was dissolved in 1-butanol in semi-dry format wherein potassium thiocyanate and Chloramine-T were used in a combination of liquid and solid form, respectively, at Abs (525 nm)-Abs (750 nm). Besides, quantitative detection, use of 4-HC in 1-butanol results in a biphasic reaction which credits its use for cotinine estimation in a qualitative visual format with the development of a pink polymethine product in the upper 1-butanol layer against the colorless lower aqeous layer.
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