The results of the present study present that PD negatively influences academic performance and participation in sports and social activities. Furthermore, pain characteristics differed among the patients with mild, moderate and severe pain. There is a need for further studies that improve treatment options for PD in order to minimize the influence of pain on academic performance and social activities.

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Background Health-related quality of life is measured to detect the influence of lymphedema on physical, functional, and social aspects of life in patients with breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL). Objective This study aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of the Lymphedema Life Impact Scale (LLIS) in Turkish patients with BCRL. Methods Patients with BCRL (n = 78) filled out the Turkish LLIS, Lymphedema Quality of Life, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30, and Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand scales. Breast cancer survivors without BCRL (n = 35) completed only the Turkish LLIS. Psychometric properties were analyzed with the internal consistency, test-rest reliability, construct, criterion, and discriminant validity. Results The internal consistency of the Turkish LLIS was strong (Cronbach’s α coefficient >.70). Test-retest reliability was strong to very strong (intraclass correlation coefficients from 0.88 to 0.93; P < .001). Similar to the original structure of the scale, exploratory factor analysis identified 3 factors. Criterion validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations between the LLIS, Lymphedema Quality of Life, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30, and quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand. There were significant differences in the total and subscale scores of the LLIS between participants with and without BCRL (P < .05). Conclusions The present study provided the evidence to confirm reliability and clinical validity of the Turkish LLIS. Implications of Practice The Turkish LLIS is a reliable and valid condition-specific scale to measure the physical, functional, and psychological aspects of health-related quality of life in patients with BCRL.

Between-group analysis showed no statistically significant differences in self-reported improvement, severity of incontinence, symptom distress score, PFMS, PFME, urinary parameters, and all domains of QoL scores, except social limitations, at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (p > 0.05). However, the increase in PFMS and PFME between baseline and week 12 and earlier improvement was significantly greater in the PFMT and VTT than in the PFMT group (both p < 0.05) CONCLUSION: Short-term results demonstrated that PFMT with and without VT exercises had similar effectiveness on the symptoms of SUI and QoL.

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