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Global competition in 21st century has made essential firms to differentiate from their competitors. Pyhsical environment elements in this needed differentiation have an important role. The physical environment, either in the differentiation of the atmosphere, changing the total perception of the product or creating the first impression in order to provide preferred, has become a strategic factor preferred by businesses. This paper aims to examine the effects of the physical environment on perceived value, customer satisfaction and loyalty in the context of the first class restaurants. In this sense, the data were collected by survey from customers who prefer first class restaurants which have tourism establishment certificates in İstanbul. A total of 425 usable questionnaires were analysed with Structural Equation Modeling. According to findings, servicescape has a positive influence on perceived value and perceived value has a positive moderating effect on customer satisfaction. Also customer satisfaction has a positive influence on customer loyalty. The fact that this study is the first to measure the effects of physical environment on both hedonic and utilitarian approaches so it reveals the specificity of the study Customer loyalty

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many sectors have begun to be affected. The tourism sector is one such sector and has been heavily affected by restrictions on international movement of. Affected by this situation, hotels have decided to close their doors or have adopted a limited-service approach. For this reason, tourism employees have become unable to see their way in an uncertain process and have encountered different practices such as hourly paid work, being sent on unpaid leave, and being given a short-term employment allowance. The reflections of this negative impact on the employees are a matter of curiosity. In this context, this study aims to reveal the relationship between job insecurity, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in five-star hotels during the COVID-19. To enable this, data were collected using a questionnaire. The study results support the conceptual model that includes the variables of job insecurity, organizational commitment, turnover intention and organizational response to COVID-19. Organizational Response to COVID-19 was found to have a negative and significant effect on job insecurity and also to have a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment. Job insecurity has a negative and significant effect on organizational commitment. Organizational commitment has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention and job insecurity was found to have a positive and significant effect on turnover intention.

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