Underwater ambient noise measurements were carried out in a shallow (15-20 m) brackish water in the archipelago of the Gulf of Finland for period of 1 year. The absence of traffic noise made it possible to study wind driven effects in ambient noise at lower frequencies. The ambient noise comes mostly from local sources and the propagation effects are shown to be negligible. The ambient noise develops bubble type spectral features above 100 Hz as wind speed increases. Sharp spectral declines are observed below 500 Hz, which are most likely due to resonances from oscillating bubble clouds created by breaking waves. The low frequency range of the observed declines may partly be attributed to the larger bubble size in fresh and brackish waters. In the present study the wind speed dependence factor was approximately 2.4 at 200 Hz, which is significantly higher than the typical factor of approximately 1.5 for the ocean environment. The average high-frequency spectral slope was -4.9 dB/octave which is approximately 1 dB/octave less than for typical deep water slopes. No significant seasonal effects were found in any parameter calculated from the ambient noise spectra.
Underwater ambient noise measurements were carried out in very shallow water (10-20 m) in the archipelago of the Gulf of Finland during the full year. Weather conditions varied from calm sea to near gale winds. The lowest spectral levels were obtained under the ice cover during the coldest winter months. No seasonal effect was observed in the measured spectra. The role of water depth was modelled with several bottom sediments in order to identify possible channel effects at lower frequencies of the noise spectra. The ambient noise spectra are typically band-limited. A band-pass filter model was thus fitted to the noise spectra. The filter model provides several useful parameters to characterize the effect of wind speed on the noise spectra. The cutoff frequency of the high-pass part of the spectra decreases from ca 400 Hz down to below 200 Hz as wind increases from light breeze to near gale force. The corresponding spectral slopes get steeper with increasing winds saturating to the value of 12 dB/oct already in fresh breeze. The other parameters used in the analysis are high frequency (low-pass) spectral slope, the frequency of maximum spectral level, noise bandwidth and total power in the band.
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