Background Xanthorrhizol is one of the numerous phytochemicals whose pharmacological benefits have been explored for its antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. In light of the role bacteria play for initiating tooth decay, this present systematic review assessed xanthorrhizol’s effect against dental caries. Methods The electronic databases including Pubmed, Scopus and Embase were searched up to September 2020, Studies examining the antibacterial and antimicrobial effects of xanthorrhizol in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Results Eleven studies met the criteria for final inclusion. Findings from these studies showed that xanthorrhizol showed significant inhibition of notable caries causing bacteria including Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sanguinis , Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus . Furthermore, there was no reported toxicity. However, it could not selectively target the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Conclusion So far, studies exploring the use of xanthorrhizol as a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of dental caries have shown promising outcomes. However, more work needs to be done especially in areas such as optimal dose or concentration, in addition, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and selective targeting of cariogenic bacteria has been performed.

Background. With the increasing demand for aesthetics in children and their parents, the treatment of decayed primary anterior teeth is one of the biggest challenges in pediatric dentistry. Zirconia crowns have provided a treatment alternative to address the aesthetic concerns and ease of placement of extracoronal restorations on primary anterior teeth. Methods. The electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched on articles published between January 2010 and January 2021. Studies relating to evaluating the clinical success and satisfaction of both parents and children about zirconia crowns in maxillary primary incisors were reviewed. Results. Nine studies met the criteria for final inclusion. Findings from these studies showed that parental and child satisfaction with zirconia crowns is high with clinically acceptable restorations in the maxillary primary incisors. Conclusion. Parental and child satisfaction with zirconia crowns is high with clinically acceptable restorations in the maxillary primary incisors. In addition, larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are required in future studies.

In this paper we demonstrated an unusual location for sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in the pterygopalatine fossa in a 33-year-old woman with intractable atypical trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, who was a candidate for radiofrequency (RF) thermocoagulation of SPG. The classic radiographic target point is deeply situated in the uppermost part of the sphenopalatine (SP) fossa. This point can be classically addressed in the superomedial angle of the maxillary sinus, adjacent to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity in the AP view of C-Arm fluoroscopy images. In this patient placing the needle deeply in the SP fossa was not possible. However, sensory stimulation of SPG was associated with a satisfactory response and subsequent RF denervation led to adequate pain reduction. This report demonstrated that in difficult technical situations, when advancing the needle deeply in the SP fossa is not easily possible; adequate outcome of the sensory stimulation of the area, may justify accomplishing the procedure. This technique used in a more superficial location in SP fossa will reduce frequent attempts of needle manipulation, hematoma formation, vascular and neural injury, X-Ray exposure and eventually intranasal placement of the needle.

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