Purpose -The puropse of this paper is to understand the components of Vroom's expectancy theory; to create or develop a public library customer motivation model using Vroom's expectancy theory; to suggest appropriate public library services marketing mindset which public libraries can employ to enhance customers' perceived expectancy and instrumentality of public library services to motivate customers to use public library services more frequently based on the proposed public library customer motivation model; and to suggest appropriate public library services marketing strategies to motivate customers to use public library services more frequently based on the proposed public library customer motivation model. Design/methodology/approach -Research paper based on expectancy theory. Findings -Customer-centered mindset is the most important factor to motivate public library customers. Furthermore, the suggested marketing strategies can be also achieved through a customer-centered marketing mindset. In conclusion, public libraries should continuously focus on the recognition of customers' needs and deliver long-term value to customers. Originality/value -There were few studies that focused on library users' motivations for using library products and services. In addition, there was a lack of developed theory in library and information science field.
A predominant physiological change that occurs during leaf senescence is a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency. An optimal organization of photosynthesis complexes in plant leaves is critical for efficient photosynthesis. However, molecular mechanisms for regulating photosynthesis complexes during leaf senescence remain largely unknown. Here we tracked photosynthesis complexes alterations during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Grana stack is significantly thickened and photosynthesis complexes were disassembled in senescing leaves. Defects in STN7 and CP29 led to an altered chloroplast ultrastructure and a malformation of photosynthesis complex organization in stroma lamella. Both CP29 phosphorylation by STN7 and CP29 fragmentation are highly associated with the photosynthesis complex disassembly. In turn, CP29 functions as a molecular glue to facilitate protein complex formation leading phosphorylation cascade and to maintain photosynthetic efficiency during leaf senescence. These data suggest a novel molecular mechanism to modulate leaf senescence via CP29 phosphorylation and fragmentation, serving as an efficient strategy to control photosynthesis complexes.
The purpose of this study is to review and understand the trends and characteristics of Korean library marketing studies based on a comparison of Korean scholars' viewpoints on library marketing with those of scholars' from other countries. To achieve its purpose, this study adopts a qualitative content analysis methodology. The data collected for analysis were library and information science literature focusing on library marketing. This study adopts a four-stage qualitative analytical process: segmenting, initial coding, in-depth coding, and development of themes. Through the comparison of themes in library marketing studies from Korea and other countries, five common themes were found: (a) library environment, (b) user-centeredness, (c) library marketing strategies, (d) user satisfaction, and (e) customer relationship management. The biggest difference between library marketing studies from Korea and those from other countries, is that a range of Korean studies focus on comparatively short-term quantitative results of library marketing activities, while studies from other countries focus on the long-term qualitative results. Furthermore, Korean library marketing studies lack attention to the planning process of library marketing activities. In addition, Korean library marketing studies are interested in the establishment of libraries' social value through marketing activities. Though the library marketing studies are dealing with different types of libraries and subjects, themes of the studies were very similar.
The purpose of this study is to draw a network among the keywords used in public library studies in the LIS field in Korea using a social network analysis method. To achieve the purpose, this study (i) analyses the keywords used in LIS peer-reviewed journal articles on the subject of public libraries, (ii) finds the important keywords of public library studies based on network perspectives, and (iii) compares the keyword network of public library studies for the most recent five years with the keyword network of public library studies of different time periods. Through a keywords analysis of public library studies, the following research trends have been found: (a) Korean public library studies have mainly focused on management issues; (b) there has been much discussion about library cooperation between public libraries and other kinds of libraries; (c) the subjects of research related to evaluation have been diversified as a result of influence from the fields of management and business; (d) scholars became interested in special users; (e) many studies paid attention to human resources issues in public libraries; (f) there have been many studies that are focused on small libraries; and (g) considerable research has been related to lifelong education, in particular, during 2001–2009. In addition, through comparison of the keyword network of public library studies for the most recent five years and the keyword network of public library studies for different time periods, the researcher finds that (i) keywords have both similarities and differences, and (ii) socio-environmental factors influence the research trends.
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