Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) are becoming increasingly popular in diabetes management compared to conventional methods of self-blood glucose monitoring systems. They help understanding physiological responses towards nutrition intake, physical activities in everyday life and glucose control. CGMS available in market are of two types based on their working principle. Needle type systems with few weeks lifespan (e.g., enzyme-based Freestyle Libre) and implant type system (e.g., fluorescence-based Senseonics) with few months of lifespan are commercially available. An alternate to both working methods, herein, we propose electromagnetic-based sensor that can be subcutaneously implanted and capable of tracking minute changes in dielectric permittivity owing to changes in blood glucose level (BGL). Proof-of-concept of proposed electromagnetic-based implant sensor has been validated in intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) conducted on swine and beagle in a controlled environment. Sensor interface modules, mobile applications, and glucose mapping algorithms are also developed for continuous measurement in a freely moving beagle during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The results of the short-term (1 h, IVGTT) and long-term (52 h, OGTT) test are summarized in this work. A close trend is observed between sensor frequency and BGL during GTT experiments on both animal species.
Glucose monitoring is an important clinical procedure, especially for dialysis patients who need consistent monitoring of their glucose levels. Currently, the most extensively used method for glucose monitoring involves pricking the finger and sampling a small amount of blood. Given that this procedure is inconvenient and can cause pain and potential infection, there is demand for the development of alternative glucose sensing methods. This study introduces a methodology for improved glucose sensor specificity based on a calibration scheme. One microwave and one capacitive glucose sensor were designed and placed on a prosthetic vascular graft. Each sensor yielded a finite variation in the measured glucose concentrations based on its capacity to sense permittivity changes in aqueous D‐glucose solutions. However, as blood components other than glucose—such as proteins, erythrocytes and haemoglobin—may affect the measurements, the authors also introduced a calibration scheme to adjust and calibrate each measurement to ensure accuracy. The measurement data yielded a maximum error of <7.33%. Based on these outcomes, the specificity of glucose monitoring in prosthetic vascular grafts is validated.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.