The generation of surface plasmon vortices with arbitrary higher order vortex topological charges with novel plasmonic vortex lens is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that the polarization sensitivity of the plasmonic vortex lens can be utilized for the dynamic switching of the surface plasmon vortices with different topological charges. A simple algebraic rule related to the vortex topological charge change in the dynamic switching is formulated, and its proof is provided with theory and experiment. The synthesis and dynamic switching of higher order surface plasmon vortices have profound potential in optical trapping, optical data storage, and other related fields.

We present that two distinct optical properties of light, the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM), can be coupled in the plasmonic vortex. If a plasmonic vortex lens (PVL) is illuminated by the helical vector beam (HVB) with the SAM and OAM, then those distinct angular momenta contribute to the generation of the plasmonic vortex together. The analytical model reveals that the total topological charge of the generated plasmonic vortex is given by a linear summation of those of the SAM and OAM, as well as the geometric charge of the PVL. The generation of the plasmonic vortex and the manipulation of the fractional topological charge are also presented.

A new class of silicon-containing poly(p-phenylenevinylene)-related copolymers with a uniform π-conjugated segment regulated by organosilicon units was synthesized by the well-known Wittig reaction between the appropriate diphosphonium salts and the dialdehyde monomer such as terephthaldicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde, and N-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-diformylcarbazole. The resulting polymers were highly soluble in common organic solvents. They could spin cast onto various substrates to give highly transparent homogeneous thin films without heat treatment. Their glass transition temperatures were in the range of 104−119 °C. The UV−visible absorbance of the present polymers shows strong absorption bands at around 347−387 nm, which corresponds to the π−π* transition of the conjugated segments. Their maximum photoluminescence wavelengths for SiPPV analogues appeared around 420−480 nm in the blue emission region, except a silicon-containing poly(p-phenylenevinylene)-related copolymer having a thiophene unit showed a strong PL peak at 520 nm in the green emission region. In the case of the polymers containing a carbazole unit, their PL spectra show both the highest peak in the PL emissive band at 450 nm and an additional strong emissive band in the green region. The single-layer light-emitting diode of a Al/SiPhPPV or SiPhPVK/ITO glass is fabricated. The threshold voltage is in the range 6−12 V from the I−V curve. The electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of the SiPhPPV gives the highest peak in the EL emissive band at 450 nm, when the operating voltage of 9 V was applied. For the polymer containing a carbazole unit, the EL spectrum of the polymer shows the highest peak in the EL emissive band at 450 nm as well as an additional strong emissive band in the yellow region, when the operating voltage of 10 V was applied. Interestingly, the SiPhPVK gives a strong white emitting light, when the operating voltage of higher than 12 V was applied.

The root apex is considered the first sites of aluminum (Al) toxicity and the reduction in root biomass leads to poor uptake of water and nutrients. Aluminum is considered the most limiting factor for plant productivity in acidic soils. Aluminum is a light metal that makes up 7 % of the earth's scab dissolving ionic forms. The inhibition of root growth is recognized as the primary effect of Al toxicity. Seeds of wheat cv. Keumkang were germinated on petridish for 5 days and then transferred hydroponic apparatus which was treated without or with 100 and 150 μM AlCl3 for 5 days. The length of roots, shoots and fresh weight of wheat seedlings were decreased under aluminum stress. The concentration of K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) were decreased, whereas Al(3+) and P2O5 (-) concentration was increased under aluminum stress. Using confocal microscopy, the fluorescence intensity of aluminum increased with morin staining. A proteome analysis was performed to identify proteins, which are responsible to aluminum stress in wheat roots. Proteins were extracted from roots and separated by 2-DE. A total of 47 protein spots were changed under Al stress. Nineteen proteins were significantly increased such as sadenosylmethionine, oxalate oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, cysteine synthase, ascorbate peroxidase and/or, 28 protein spots were significantly decreased such as heat shock protein 70, O-methytransferase 4, enolase, and amylogenin. Our results highlight the importance and identification of stress and defense responsive proteins with morphological and physiological state under Al stress.

Integral imaging is one of the promising three-dimensional display techniques and has many advantages. However, one disadvantage of integral imaging is the limited image depth. The image can be displayed only around the central depth plane. We propose a depth-enhanced integral imaging using multilayered display devices. We locate transparent display devices that use liquid crystal in parallel to each other and incorporate them into an integral imaging system. As a result, the proposed method has multiple central depth planes and permits the limitation of expressible depth to be overcome. The principle of the proposed method is explained, and some experimental results are presented.