Tabebuia avellanedae has been traditionally used as an herbal remedy to alleviate various diseases. However, the plant's pharmacological activity in allergic and inflammatory diseases and its underlying mechanism are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the pharmacological activity of Tabetri (T. avellanedae ethanol extract (Ta-EE)) in the pathogenesis of AD. Its underlying mechanism was explored using an AD mouse model and splenocytes isolated from this model. Ta-EE ameliorated the AD symptoms without any toxicity and protected the skin of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice from damage and epidermal thickness. Ta-EE reduced the secreted levels of allergic and proinflammatory cytokines, including histamine, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin- (IL-) 4, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the DNCB-induced AD mice. Ta-EE suppressed the mRNA expression of T helper 2-specific cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, and the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in the atopic dermatitis skin lesions of AD mice. Moreover, Ta-EE suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, and another proinflammatory cytokine, IL-12, in the Con A-stimulated splenocytes. It also suppressed IL-12 and IFN-γ in the LPS-stimulated splenocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that Ta-EE protects against the development of AD through the inhibition of mRNA expression of T helper 2-specific cytokines and other proinflammatory cytokines.
Purpose: This study was performed to find the adequate number of removed lymph nodes to achieve an acceptable false-negative rate when performing sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Methods: A total of 179 sentinel node biopsies combined with conventional axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer were performed between November 2003 and June 2007. Results: The overall identification rate of sentinel lymph node and the false negative rate of the biopsy were 95.0% and 8.1%, respectively. Yet the false negative rate of the biopsy was lowered as the number of the removed nodes was increased. Especially, the false negative rate was 0% when more than 4 lymph nodes were removed. Conclusion: We recommend that four lymph nodes should be removed to obtain accurate results in sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer.
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